Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Quantum Computing PDF
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Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Quantum Computing Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Quantum Computing Edited by Dmitri V. Averin State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York Berardo Ruggiero Instituto di Cibemetica Naples, Italy and Paolo Silvestrini Instituto di Cibemetica Naples, Italy Produeed under the auspiees of the Istituto Italiano Studi Filosofiei Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of the International Workshop on Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Computing MQC2 Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofiei, held June 14-17, 2000, in Naples, Italy ISBN 978-1-4613-5459-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-1245-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1245-5 © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York Origina1ly published by Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers, New York in 2001 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2001 http://www.wkap.nll ill 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. AII rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permis sion from the Publisher PREFACE This volume is an outgrowth of the Second International Workshop on Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Computing held in Napoli, Italy, in June 2000. This workshop gathered a number of experts from the major Universities and Research Institutions of several countries. The choice of the location, which recognizes the role and the traditions of Naples in this field, guaranteed the participants a stimulating atmosphere. The aim of the workshop has been to report on the recent theoretical and experimental results on the macroscopic quantum coherence of macroscopic systems. Particular attention was devoted to Josephson devices. The correlation with other atomic and molecular systems, exhibiting a macroscopic quantum behaviour, was also discussed. The seminars provided both historical overview and recent theoretical ground on the topic, as well as information on new experimental results relative to the quantum computing area. The first workshop on this topic, held in Napoli in 1998, has been ennobled by important reports on observations of Macroscopic Quantum Coherence in mesoscopic systems. The current workshop proposed, among many stimulating results, the first observations of Macroscopic Quantum Coherence between macroscopically distinct fluxoid states in rf SQUIDs, 20 years after the Leggett's proposal to experimentally test the quantum behavior of macroscopic systems. Reports on observations of quantum behaviour in molecular and magnetic systems, small Josephson devices, quantum dots have also been particularly stimulating in view of the realization of several possible q-bits. The present volume, far from being exhaustive, represents an interesting update of the subject and hopefully, a further stimulation. We hope that this will be a useful tool in promoting new experiments. In conclusion, we wish to thank the Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, the Istituto di Cibernetica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, the Dipartimento Scienze Fisiche dell' Universita di Napoli "Federico II", and the Gruppo Nazionale di Fisica della Materia del CNR for their support. This initiative is v vi Preface within the scope of the MQC2 Association, Naples, Italy for international interchanges on "Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Computing." We are indebted to Valentina Corato for scientific assistance, and to E. Degrazia and A. M. Mazzarella for their valuable assistance in all the tasks connected to the organization of the Workshop. We are also grateful to E. Esposito, C. Granata, L. Keller, A. Monaco, and S. Piscitelli for hints and help during the organization of the Workshop. Thanks are due to L. De Felice and V. Sindoni for the organization of the social event. Paolo Silvestrini CONTENTS Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Decoherence in SQUIDs .................. 1 A. J. Leggett Macroscopic Quantum Coherence in an Rf-SQUID ....................................... 7 Jonathan R. Friedman, Vijay Patel, W. Chen, S. K. Tolpygo, and J. E. Lukens Quantum-State Interference in a Cooper-Pair Box ...................................... 17 Y. Nakamura, Yu. A. Pashkin, and J. S. Tsai Macroscopic Quantum Superposition in a Three-Josephson-Junction Loop .................................................................................................... 25 Caspar H. van der Wal, A. C. J. ter Haar, F. K. Wilhelm, R. N. Schouten, C. J. P. M. Harmans, T. P. Orlando, Seth Lloyd, and J. E. Mooij Bose-Einstein Condensation with Attractive Interaction: Fate of a False Vacuum ..................................................................................... 35 M. Ueda and H. Saito Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena in Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensates ........................................................................................ 41 Fernando Sols and Sigmund Kohler Phase-Coherent Electronic Transport in a Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube .................................................................................................. 51 Nam Kim, Jinhee Kim, Jong Wan Park, Kyung-Hwa Yoo, Jeong-O Lee, Kicheon Kang, Hyun-Woo Lee, and Ju-Jin Kim Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena in Underdamped Josephson Junctions .................................................................................................. 61 V. Corato, E. Esposito, C. Granata, B. Ruggiero, M. Russo, and P. Silvestrini vii viii Contents Superconducting Devices to Test Macroscopic Quantum Coherence on the Flux States of an Rf SQUID ................................. 73 C. Cosmelli, P. Cappelletti, P. Carelli, M. G. Castellano, F. Chiarello, G. Diambrini Palazzi, R. Leoni, N. Milanese, and G. Torrioli Biepitaxial YBa2Cu307_x Grain Boundary Josephson Junctions: 0- and n-Rings for Fundamental Studies and Potential Circuit Implementation ......................................................................... 83 Francesco Tafuri, Franco Carillo, Filomena Lombardi, Fabio Miletto Granozio, Fabrizio Ricci, Umberto Scotti di Uccio, Antonio Barone, Gianluca Testa, Ettore Samelli, and John R. Kirtley The Superconducting Single Electron Transistor: In Situ Variation of the Dissipation ................................................................ 101 J. B. Kycia, J. Chen, R. Therrien, (:. Kurdak, K. L. Campman, A. C. Gossard, and John Clarke Superconducting Electrometer for Measuring the Single Cooper Pair Box ................................................................................................. 111 A. Cottet, A. Steinbach, P. Joyez, D. Vion, H. Pothier, D. Esteve, and M. E. Huber Adiabatic Transport of Cooper Pairs in Arrays of Small Josephson Junctions ................................................................................................ 127 J. P. Pekola, J. J. Toppari, N. Kim, M. T. Savolainen, L. Taskinen, and K. Hansen Entangled States in a Josephson Charge QuBit Coupled to a Superconducting Resonator ............................................................... 137 O. Buisson and F. W. J. Hekking Cooper Pair Tunneling in Circuits with Substantial Dissipation: The Three-Junction R-Pump for Single Cooper Pairs .................. 147 A. B. Zorin, S. A. Bogoslovsky, S. V. Lotkhov, and J. Niemeyer Nonlocality in Superconducting Microstructures .......................................... 155 K. Yu. Arutyunov, J. P. Pekola, A. B. Pavolotski, and D. A. Presnov Contents ix Characterisation of Cooper Pair Boxes for Quantum Bits .......................... 165 M. T. Savolainen, 1. 1. Toppari, L. Talskinen, N. Kim, K. Hansen, and 1. P. Pekola Noise Measurements of a Superconducting Single Electron Transistor (SSET) at T=O.3 K ............................................................ 173 B. Buonomo, P. Carelli, M. G. Castellano, F. Chiarello, C. Cosmelli, R. Leoni, and G. Torrioli Quantum Coherence and Decoherence in Magnetic Nanostructures ........ 183 Eugene M. Chudnovsky MQT of Magnetic Particles ............................................................................... 195 Wolfgang Wernsdorfer Abrupt Transition between Thermally-Assisted and Pure Quantum Tunneling in MN 12 ............................................................. 207 K. M. Mertes, Yicheng Zhong, M. P. Sarachik, Y. Paltiel, H. Shtrikman, E. Zeldov, Evan Rumberger, and D. N. Hendrickson Quantum Effects in the Dynamics of the Magnetization in Single Molecule Magnets ................................................................................ 215 D. Gatteschi, R. Sessoli, and W. Wernsdorfer Quantum Coherence and Very Low Temperature Magnetic Experiments in Mesoscopic Magnets ................................................ 225 1. Tejada, 1. M. Hernandez, E. del Barco, N. Biskup, 1. Brooks. and M. D. Zyzler Quantum Gates and Networks with Cavity QED Systems .......................... 235 D. Vitali, V. Giovanetti, and P. Tombesi Dual Josephson Phenomena: Interaction of Vortices with Non- Classical Microwaves ........................................................................... 245 A. Vourdas, A. Konstadopoulou, and 1. M. Hollingworth Quantum Computation: Theory, Practice, and Future Prospects ............. 253 Isaac L. Chuang x Contents Reading-out a Quantum State: An Analysis of the Quantum Measurement Process .......................................................................... 261 Yu. Makhlin, G. Schon, and A. Shnirman Adiabatic Inversion in the SQUID, Macroscopic Coherence, and Decoherence .......................................................................................... 271 P. Silvestrini and L. Stodolsky Quantum Computing with Separable States? ................................................ 285 Rudiger Schack Spintronics and Quantum Computing with Quantum Dots ........................ 293 Patrik Recher, Daniel Loss. and Jeremy Levy Double Quantum Dot Coupled to Two Superconductors: Transport and Spin Entanglement.. .................................................. 307 Mahn-Soo Choi, Christoph Bruder. and Daniel Loss Transport through Artificial Kondo Impurities ............................................ 317 S. De Franceschi, S. Sasaki, J. M. Elzerman, W. G. van der Wiel, S. Tarucha, and L. P. Kouwenhoven Compensation ofthe Spin ofa Quantum Dot at Coulomb Blockade ......... 325 Domenico Giuliano. Benoit Jouault, and Arturo Tagliacozzo Multi-Particle Entanglement in Quantum Computers ................................. 341 Klaus M01mer and Anders S0rensen Stabilization of Quantum Information: A Unified Dynamical- Algebraic Approach ............................................................................. 351 Paolo Zanardi l/F Noise during Manipulation of Josephson Charge Qubits ..................... 359 E. Paladino, L. Faoro, G. Falci, and Rosario Fazio Non-Markovian Dynamics in Continuous-Wave Atom Lasers ................... 367 H. P. Breuer, D. Faller, B. Kappler, and F. Petruccione Time-Correlated Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling of Solitons in Density Waves and Long Josephson Junctions ............................... 381 John H. Miller, Jr. Contents xi The Non-Perturbative Quantum Behaviour of a SQUID Ring in a Strong Electromagnetic Field ............................................................. 389 M. J. Everit P. Stiffell, 1. F. Ralph, T. D. Clark. A.Vourdas, H. Prance, and R. 1. Prance Noise Properties of the SET Transistor in the Co-Tunneling Regime .................................................................................................... 399 D. V. Averin Charge Fluctuations and Dephasing in Coulomb Coupled Conductors ............................................................................................ 409 Markus Buttiker The Measurement of Photon Number States Using Cavity QED ............... 419 Simon Brattke, Benjamin Varcoe, and Herbert Walther Abrupt Magnetoresistance Jumps in Ni-Wire Systems and Coulomb Blockade Under Elastic Environment in Single Junction/Carbon Nanotube System ................................................. .427 1. Haruyama, I. Takesue, S. Kato, K. Takazawa, and Y Sato Spontaneous Generation of Flux in a Josephson Junction Loop ................ 443 Raz Carmi. Emil Polturak, and Gad Koren Soliton Quantum Bit ........................................................................................... 449 Noriyuki Hatakenaka and Hideaki Takayanagi Index ...................................................................................................................... 459
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