Macromolecular Concept and Strategy for Humanity in Science, Technology and Industry

181 Pages·1996·10.936 MB·English

by  Seizo Okamura (auth.), Dr. Y. Ito, Prof. Dr. S. Okamura, Prof. Dr. B. Rånby (eds.)

OKAMURA' IU.NBY • ITO (Eds.)
Macromolecular Concept and Strategy for Humanity
in Science, Technology and Industry
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
OKAMURA· RANBY • ITO (Eds.)
Macromolecular
Concept and Strategy
for Humanity in Science,
Technology and Industry
With contributions by
Y. Ito, S. Kawabata, M. Niwa, S. Okamura, B. Ranby,
Y. Sakurada, K. Takakura, N. Yoda
With 67 Figures and 51 Tables
, Springer
Dr. Y. Ito
Toray Industries, Inc., 2-1-1 Nihonbashi Muromachi, Chuo-ku Tokyo
103 Japan
Prof. Dr. S. Okamura
Kyoto University, 24 Minamigoshomachi, Okazaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto
606 Japan
Prof. Dr. B. Ranby
Royal Inst. of Technology, Dept. of Polymer Technology, Stevenbocksvagen 21
18262 DjurshOlm, Sveden
ISBN-13:978-3-642-64665-2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Macromolecular concept and strategy for humanity in science,
technology and industry / Okamura; Rimby ; Ito (Hrsg.). With
contributions by Y. Ito ... - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York;
Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan ; Paris ;
Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1996
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64665-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-61036-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-61036-3
NE: Okamura, Seizo [Hrsg.l; Ito, Yoshikazu
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadca
sting, reproduction on microfilm or in other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this
publication or parts therof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of
September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regnlations and therefore free for general use.
Production: PRODUserv Springer Produktions-Gesellschaft, Berlin
Typesetting: Graphische Werkstatten Lehne GmbH, Grevenbroich
SPIN: 10499552 2/3020-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
This book is to reconsider the field of polymer chemistry in the eyes of both natura
lists and historians, in an attempt to perceive the evolution of its concepts and
strategies as an array of trial and error. Namely, in retrospect, the origin of polymer
chemistry may date back to the beginning of this century, where the then colloid
chemistry dealt with the size of particles through understanding the state of substan
ces including what we now coin polymers. At that time, however, little was known
about the essence of substances, resulting in little progress in clarifying the particle
sizes and therefore the nature of polymers. It was exactly under such circumstances
where polymer chemistry began to evolve.
In the following half a century (1920-1970), the spectacular advance in polymer
chemistry extensively revealed the essence of polymers, in one hand, by the synthesis
of polymers (individuals) coupled with the development of synthetic polymer mate
rials (their assembly) and, in the other, by the combination of mechanistic approach
(or synthetic polymer chemistry) and biological approaches (or natural polymer
chemistry). It is therefore expected that, in the coming half a century (1970-2020), the
state of polymers, whose essence has now been established, will be fully studied and
clarified. Such advance in polymer chemistry may also contribute in completing the
original object of the early colloid chemistry to understand the size and state of
particles in general.
As its title implies, this book, Macromolecular Concept and Strategy for Humanity
in Science, Technology and Industry, is a compilation of articles where evolution and
advances in macromolecular concepts and strategies are discussed in relation to
humanity, not purely chronologically, not purely scientifically, but in some combina
tion of both ways blended with interest in humanity. Behind this new approach lies
the Editors' belief that humanity has played, and should play, a crucial role in
evolution and development of polymer chemistry, as symbolized by my first wording
in this preface, »an array of try and error". Perhaps it is for the first time that the field
of polymer chemistry is systematically treated with emphasis in humanity, and in this
regard we believe that the book will be able to shed new light on the history and the
current status of polymer chemistry and polymer industry. The organization of the
book, with 11 Chapters in three Parts, is "described in Chapter 1.
As one of the Editors of the book, I express my sincere thanks to all of the authors,
who contributed interesting chapter articles, to Professor Bengt Rllnbyand Dr. Naoya
Yoda for their editorial assistance, and to Dr. Marion Hertel and Ms. Andrea Weber of
Springer for their help in publishing the book.
September 1995 Seizo Okamura
Contributing Authors
Dr. Y.lto
Toray Industries, Inc., 2-1-1 Nihonbashi Muromachi, Chuo-ku Tokyo
103 Japan
Prof. Dr. S. Kawabata
Kyoto University, Dept. of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto
606 Japan
Current address: Department of Material Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture,
2500 Hassaka, Hikone
522 Japan
M. Niwa
Department of Clothing Science, Nara Women's University, Nara
630 Japan
Prof. Dr. S. Okamura
Kyoto University, 24 Minamigoshomachi, Okazaki, Sakyo-Ku Kyoto
606 Japan
Prof. Dr. B. Ranby
Royal Inst. of Technology, Dept. of Polymer Technology, Stevenbocksvagen 21
18262 DjurshOlm, Sweden
Dr. Y. Sakurada
Haemonetics Japan Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo
102 Japan
Dr. K. Takakura
Kuraray Co., Ltd., Medical Products Div., 1-12-39 Umeda, Kita-Ku Osaka
530 Japan
Prof. Dr. N. Yoda
Toray Corporate Business Research, Inc., 1-8-1 Mihama, Urayasu-City
279 Japan
Current address: Keio University, Faculty of Science and Technology, 6-45-24 Hino
minami, Konan-Ku, Yokohama
234 Japan
Contents
Introduction 1
2 The Concept of Macromolecules - Emergence, Development and
Acceptance ............................................... . 3
2.1 Introduction .............................................. . 3
2.2 The Early Polymer Industry ................................. . 4
2.2.1 Rubber Industry .................................... . 4
2.2.2 Cellulose-Based Industry ............................. . 5
2.2.3 Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin (Bakelite) .................. . 6
2.3 Early Studies of the Molecular Structure of Native Substances .... . 6
2.3.1 Havea Rubber ...................................... . 6
2.3.2 Starch .............................................. 7
2.3.3 Cellulose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.4 Lignin ............................................. . 8
2.3.5 Proteins ........................................... . 9
2.4 The Macromolecular Concept ............................... . 9
2.4.1 Staudinger's Contributions ............................ . 9
2.4.2 Supporting Evidence for the Macromolecular Concept .... . 11
2.4.3 The Established Macromolecular Concept ............... . 12
2.5 References ................................................ . 13
3 Polymers - A Growing Science .............................. . 14
3.1 Introduction .............................................. . 14
3.2 Polymerization ............................................ . 14
3.3 The Molecular Weight (Mass) of Macromolecules ............... . 16
3.4 The Physical Chemistry of Polymers .......................... . 17
3.5 The Properties of Polymeric Materials ........................ . 18
3.6 Analysis of Polymer Chain Structure .......................... . 19
3.7 Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP) ............................... . 19
3.8 Electrically Conducting Polymers (ECP) ....................... . 20
3.9 Conclusions ............................................... . 20
3.10 References ................................................ . 21
4 A New Trend in Polymer Science and Technology for Humanity .. 22
4.1 Introduction .............................................. . 22
4.2 Property of Polymeric Materials as the Primary Performance ..... . 23
X Contents
4.3 Functionality as the Secondary Performance .................... 23
4.4 Sensitivity as the Tertiary and Final Stage ...................... 24
4.5 Functionality (Front Side) and Sensitivity (Back Side) in the Fusion of
Technique and Arts ......................................... 25
4.6 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5 Plastics and Rubber ......................................... 29
5.1 Developments Before 1950 - The First Generation of Plastics ...... 29
5.2 Construction Plastic Materials - The Second Generation of Plastics 30
5.3 Specialty Polymeric Materials - The Third Generation of Plastics .. 31
5.4 Electrically Conducting Polymers .............................. 32
5.5 Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP) and Other Specialty Polymers ...... 33
5.6 Elastomers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.7 The World-Wide Polymer Industry ............................ 36
5.8 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6 Recent Progress of Fiber Technology and Applications - the Creation
of New Values - ............................................ 37
6.1 Overall Reviews ............................................ 37
6.1.1 Business Trends in the Japanese Fiber and Textile Industry. 37
6.1.2 The Japanese Synthetic Fiber Industry Entering a Period of
Maturity ............................................ 40
6.1.3 Prospects for the Synthetic Fiber Industry ............... 41
6.2 Technological Innovation of New Fibers (Shingosen) ............. 41
6.2.1 Technological Developments of New Synthetic Fibers ...... 41
6.2.2 Impact of Technology on Labor Productivity ............. 42
6.2.3 Recent Trends in Development and Application of High Per-
formance and Functional Fibers ........................ 43
6.2.4 Improvement of Surface Properties of Polyester .......... 45
6.3 New Synthetic Fibers for Apparel Applications .................. 53
6.3.1 Review of Development of the Shingosen (New Synthetic Fi-
bers) ............................................... 53
6.3.2 Success Stories of Toray's New Shingosen Products ........ 56
6.3.3 Innovation of Textile Production Process and Distribution Sy-
stems............. ........ . ........ .. ....... . .. . .... 60
6.3.3.1 Revolutionary System of Apparel Production ............. 60
6.3.3.2 Fully Automated Sewing System ........................ 60
6.3.4 New Trends in Sensibility and New Synthetic Fibers ....... 61
6.3.5 New Concept of Shingosen ............................ 62
6.4, High Performance Fibers and Advanced Composite Materials ..... 63
6.4.1 Key Technologies of Super Fibers ....................... 63
6.4.2 Prospects for Carbon Fibers and CF Reinforced Composites 65
6.4.3 Trends in Technological Development of Carbon Fibers .... 66
6.4.4 Matrix Resins ........................................ 67
6.4.5 Properties of Composite Materials ...................... 70
Contents XI
6.4.6 Molding Technologies ................................. 71
6.4.7 Lesson of Fiberglass Reinforced Composites .............. 72
6.5 Plastic Optical Fibers for the Communication Industry ........... 73
6.5.1 Overview of Fiber Optics .............................. 73
6.5.2 Structure of Plastic Optical Fibers and Distinctive Features of
New Products ........................................ 74
6.5.3 Lowering Transmission Loss ........................... 75
6.6 Management of the Fiber Industry in the Age of High Technology. 76
6.6.1 Worldwide Operations ................................ 76
6.6.2 Management in High-Tech Super-Industrial Society ....... 77
6.7 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7 Recent Progress in the Objective Measurement of Fabric Hand .... 81
7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.2 Hand Judgement for the Evaluation of Fabric Character and Quality .. 82
7.3 Primary Hand and Total Hand ............................... 83
7.4 Objective Evaluation of Fabric Hand ........................... 86
7.5 Developments in the Application of Objective Evaluation ......... 93
7.5.1 Fabric Characterization ............................... 93
7.5.2 Discrimination of Fabric Hand for Fabric Design ......... 95
7.5.3 Development of New Fabrics ........................... 97
7.5.4 Quality of Artificial Leather ............................ 99
7.5.5 Quality of Facial Tissue Paper .......................... 100
7.5.6 Quality of Automobile Upholstery ...................... 101
7.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.7 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8 Impact of Medical Technology Utilizing Macromolecules on Society . . 104
8.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.1.2 Medical Devices in which Macromolecules Playas a Key Role. 107
8.1.2.1 Polymeric Biomaterials ................................ 107
8.1.2.2 Blood-Compatible Polymeric Materials .................. 108
8.1.2.3 Polymer Membranes and Adsorbents as Biomaterials for Blood
Treatment Applications ............................... 109
8.1.2.4 Polymeric Biomaterials for Ophthalmic Applications ....... 112
8.1.3 Impact on Society .................................... 114
8.1.3.1 New Medical Technology and its Impact ................. 114
8.1.3.2 Establishment of Safety Standards ...................... 116
8.2 Application of Hollow Fiber Membrane Made from Various Macromo-
lecules to Blood Purification Devices ........................... 117
8.2.1 Artificial Kidney ..................................... 117
8.2.2 Membrane Plasmapheresis ............................. 119
8.2.3 Membrane Oxygenator ................................ 120
8.2.4 Other Devices ....................................... 121
XII Contents
8.3 Impact of Dental Polymeric Adhesives on Dental Materials and
Dentistry ................................................. . 121
8.3.1 Dental Polymeric Adhesives ........................... . 121
8.3.2 New Dental Materials and New Dentistry Based on Dental
Adhesives .......................................... . 125
8.4 References ................................................ . 126
9 Agendas for Research Cooperation in the Japanese Chemical and
Materials Industry ......................................... . 129
9.1 Abstract .................................................. . 129
9.2 Industrial Trends and Restructuring in the Japanese Chemical and
Materials Industry ......................................... . 130
9.3 Public and Private Cooperation in R&D Activities for Innovative
Future Technology ......................................... . 133
9.4 Research in Developed Countries ............................ . 137
9.5 New Advanced Materials .................................... . 138
9.6 Setting Research Agendas and Organization of the Public and Private
Sectors ................................................... . 139
9.7 Prospects for the Chemical Industry in a New Chemical Age ..... . 141
9.8 Conclusion ............................................... . 152
9.9 International Competition and Cooperation .................... . 152
9.10 References ................................................ . 153
10 Management Strategy for R&D and Industrial Policy .......... . 155
10.1 Introduction .............................................. . 155
10.2 Global Management Strategy Survey Mission in 1979, 1984, and 1988 . 156
10.3 Examples of Collaborative Industrial Research ................. . 157
10.4 R&D is Essential for Business Success ....................... . 158
10.5 Economic Symbiosis: Building New World Order and Concepts Used to
Build Japanese Pagodas ..................................... . 159
10.6 Conclusion ............................................... . 163
10.7 References ................................................ . 163
11 Polymers as the Basis of Human Body and Mind .............. . 164
ILl Introduction .............................................. . 164
11.2 Knowledge and Wisdom .................................... . 164
11.3 Importance of the Fusion of Concepts ........................ . 165
11.3.1 Concept and Theory ................................. . 165
11.3.2 Strategy and Tactics ................................. . 165
11.3.3 Fusions ............................................ . 166
11.3.4 Knowledge vs Wisdom, and Science vs Arts ............. . 166
11.4 Physical Science as Body and Psychological Science as Mind ..... . 166
11.5 Human Spirit Through Macromolecular Conception ............ . 167
11.6 References ................................................ . 167
Index 169