Table Of Content

Elena Kozharskaya Natalia Konstantinova Kevin McNicholas Joanne Hodson Angela Bandis Joanne Stournara M A C M I L L AN Guide to Science Student's Book MACMILLAN Contents Unit I 4 Unit 12 61 Biology Electricity and magnetism 61 An introduction 4 Michael Faraday 63 Biology today 6 Revision vocabulary Units 9 to 12 66 Unit 2 9 Unit 13 67 Germ theory 9 The Law of Universal Gravitation 67 Louis Pasteur N Isaac Newton 69 Unit 3 14 Unit 14 72 The biosphere 14 Quantum mechanics 72 Vladimir Vernadsky 16 Niels Bohr 74 Unit 4 19 Unit 15 77 Cells 19 The General Theory of Relativity 77 Gregor Mendel 21 Albert Einstein 79 Revision vocabulary Units I to 4 24 Unit 16 82 Unit 5 25 Mathematics The discovery of the structure and function of DNA ... .25 An introduction 82 Cloning 27 Mathematics 84 Unit 6 30 Revision vocabulary Units 13 to 16 87 Chemistry Unit 17 88 An introduction 30 Algebra 88 Chemistry today 32 Gottfried Leibniz 90 Unit 7 35 Unit 18 93 The atom 35 Geometry 93 Robert Boyle 37 Rene Descartes 95 Unit 8 40 Unit 19 98 The Law of Conservation of Mass 40 Antoine Lavoisier 42 Calculus 98 Revision vocabulary Units 5 to 8 45 Pierre de Fermat 10C Unit 9 46 Unit 20 103 The periodicity of elements 46 Applied mathematics 103 Dmitri Mendeleev 48 Norbert Wiener 105 Unit 10 51 Unit 21 108 Chemical kinetics 51 The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) 108 Nikolay Semyonov 53 Russian Nobel Prize winners in Physics and Chemistry ... I 1 Revision vocabulary Units 17 to 21 113 Unit II 56 Physics Translation work 114 An introduction 56 Glossary 123 Physics - the new science fiction 58 2 Macmillan Guide to Science Contents Дорогие друзья! Представляем вам учебно-методический комплект (УМК) «Macmillan Guide to Science», который поможет вам приобрести навыки владения английским языком в естественно-научной области. Курс адресован учащимся старших классов общеобразовательных учреждений и колледжей, увлекающимся естественными науками, а также студентам младших курсов естественно-научных факультетов высших учебных заведений. Тема курса - история знаменитых открытий и вклад известных учёных в научный прогресс человечества. Курс сочетает изучение английского языка с учебным материалом естественнонаучных дисциплин. Коммуникативная направленность курса делает его особенно актуальным, так как в современном мире именно владение коммуникативными навыками позволит вам активно общаться с иностранными коллегами, легко вступать в международные научные сообщества и становиться полноценными участниками международных проектов. В Книге для учащихся четыре раздела. Каждый раздел посвяшён одной из четырёх естественнонаучных дисциплин - биологии, химии, математике и физике, и включает в себя пять уроков (Unit). Первый урок каждого раздела неизменно состоит из краткого исторического обзора данной дисциплины и текста, который позволяет представить уровень и значимость данной науки в наши дни. Следующие четыре урока каждого раздела посвящены наиболее крупным научным открытиям в данной области. В целом в книге 21 урок - в 21 уроке рассказывается о российских учёных, ставших Нобелевскими лауреатами, и о Российской академии наук. Каждый урок включает в себя два текста (Reading), сопровождаемых аудиозаписями (Listening). Аудиотексты, озвученные носителями языка, относятся к различным стилям речи и позволят вам получить навыки аудирования, необходимые для понимания как научных докладов, так и разговорной речи. Кроме того, каждый урок содержит упражнения на расширение и закрепление активной лексики - как обшего, так и специального плана (Vocabulary), и на проверку понимания прочитанного (Comprehension). Особенно хотелось бы отметить упражнения и материалы, нацеленные на развитие навыков устной (Speaking) и письменной (Writing) речи. Освоив материал курса, вы сможете вести дискуссии, проводить презентации, составлять доклады и отчёты, писать письма, статьи, эссе, сочинения. Глоссарий (Glossary) слов и терминов, который вы найдет в конце книги, поможет вам при работе с курсом. Надеемся, что УМК «Macmillan Guide to Science» будет вам интересен и полезен. Авторы УМК «Macmillan Guide to Science» 3 Macmillan Guide to Science Contents Biology Before you read Discuss these questions with your partner. What can you see around you that is living? What can you see that is not living? What can living things do that non-living things can't? Can you classify living things? A Vocabulary Match these words with their definitions. 1 life cycle A characteristic H Reading 1 2 observation В from birth to death Biology 3 property С develop an idea 4 successor D what you see An introduction 5 formulate E sb who follows 6 pollen F a fine yellow powder Biology means the study of life and it is the found in flowers science which investigates all living things. For as Z contribution G sth given to help long as people have looked at the world around progress them, people have studied biology. Even in the 8 foundation H what is passed down days before recorded history, people knew and from one generation to passed on information about plants and animals. the next Prehistoric people survived by learning which 9 treat I give medical help plants were good to eat and which could be used 10 classify J process according to for medicine. Farming would not have developed which only the strongest if they had not begun to understand which species survive animals could produce food like milk and eggs. 11 inheritance К academic In the past, more than 2000 years ago, people in 12 natural selection L put into groups the Middle East understood the part that insects 13 field M basic idea and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The 14 principle N academic area ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects 15 advance О improvement and were particularly interested in the changes 16 scholar P basis they went through as they grew from larvae to adult insects. The ancient Mesopotamians even 17 genetics 0 the study of how characteristics are kept animals in what were the earliest zoological passed from one gardens. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly generation to another interested in understanding the world around 4 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2 Biology them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants Pronunciation guide and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, Albertus Magnus foibe'tss 'masgnas/ wrote the first books on plant life, which made Al-Jahiz /el gAhazI a very important contribution to the study Aristotle teri'stofl/ of botany. Carl Linnaeus /ka:1 li'nias/ After the fall of the Roman Empire, the centre of van Leeuwenhoek /vaen leivanhuk/ the scientific world moved to the Middle East. Mesopotamian /messpa'tasmian/ The Arab scholar Al-Jahiz wrote the Book of Theophrastus /Sis'frasstas/ Animals in the 9th century. He was just one of a great number of Arabic, Persian and Turkish ^ В Comprehension scientists who set out the foundations for the modern science of biology. Later still, in Europe, Read the text and decide if the following particularly in Germany, scholars such as statements are true or false. Albertus Magnus discussed the properties of life. 1 The earliest people must have known T • Magnus wrote seven books on plants and twenty- about plants or they would have died. F • six on animals. 2 The Egyptians were interested T О Modern biology really began in the 17th century. in changing the way insects lived. F • At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in 3 Europeans learnt all they knew T • Holland, invented the microscope and William about biology from the Middle East. F П Harvey, in England, described the circulation of 4 The microscope allowed biologists T • blood. The microscope allowed scientists to to treat illnesses. F • discover bacteria, leading to an understanding of the causes of disease, while new knowledge about 5 Darwin's theory was one of the T П how the human body works allowed others to most important in biology. F • find more effective ways of treating illnesses. All 6 The study of biology hasn't changed T • this new knowledge needed to be put into order at all over the centuries. F • and in the 18th century the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified all living things into the Before you listen biological families we know and use today. Discuss these questions with your partner. In the middle of the 19th ccntury, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendef, Do you know what a germ is? created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the What can you say about their size and shape? study of genetics that is such an important part of What do you know about the classification biology today. At the same time, while travelling of germs? around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern И С Listening *))) biology - natural selection as the basis of Listen to this lesson about germs. evolution. Circle the correct word or phrase to It is hard to believe, but the nature of viruses has make true statements. become apparent only within the last half of the 1 The teacher believes people rightly / 20th century and the first step on this path of mistakenly / rarely think all germs are bad. discovery was taken by the Russian botanist 2 Germs don't live on microbes / animals / Dmitry Ivanovsky in 1892. people. In the 20th century, biologists began to recognise 3 Some / all / few germs are responsible how plants and animals live and pass on their for illnesses. genetically coded information to the next 4 There are four basic types of fungi / generation. Since then, partly because of protozoa / germ. developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology; it is an 5 Germs are only round / mostly long and area of ever-growing knowledge. thin / different shapes. 5 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2 Biology Before you read Discuss these questions with your partner. What careers in biology can you think of? Do you like any of them? Which ones and why? Are there any areas of biology that you do not find interesting? What areas of biology do you consider the most important for human society nowadays? Why? В D Vocabulary- complete the sentences below with words from the box. mammal threatened species adapt cell diseases environment crops composition building blocks 1 Unfortunately, the growth of cities H Reading 2 often means wildlife is with extinction. Biology today 2 A is an animal that feeds its babies milk. Dear Students, 3 Farmers that grow like I am writing this letter to welcome all of you who are about to begin your first year course in cereals and vegetables normally have to Biology here at the university. You might think work very hard. it is a little early for me to ask you to think 4 The smallest, basic structural and functional about what you will do when you leave here in unit of life is a three years' time. However, our science, like any other, has so many different areas it is 5 Serious illnesses are known as .. impossible for you to study them all. The first thing you will need to think about is 6 What something is made of is its specialising. This letter is to offer you some suggestions to think about for your future. Z It's amazing how animals can to changes in their living conditions. As you know, there are four main areas of biology that we shall concentrate on in the 8 There are many different coming years. Biology can be divided into of butterfly. zoology, the study of animal life, and botany, the study of plant life. We shall also study 9 Humankind's actions have often had a molecular biology, the study of how the negative effect on the building blocks of living things, the cells, work. 10 The most basic parts of something can be Another topic of interest is genetics, how called biological information is passed on from one 6 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2 Biology generation to the next: that is, inheritance. You Pronunciation guide should specialise, but you will also need to career /кэ'пэ7 know about all of these four areas of study. climatic /klai'maetik/ Plants and animals do not live separately from gene /d3i:n/ each other; all living things are made up of cells and one of the things genetics tells us is how genetics /d33'netiks/ plants and animals adapt to the conditions inheritance /m'heritsns/ around them. molecular /ira'lekjub7 species /spiijiizI So what about after the course is over and you have graduated in Biology? Can you have a H E Comprehension career in biology? For those who choose to Read the text and answer the questions specialise in genetics or molecular biology there are important career opportunities in in your own words. medicine. At the present time, there is a great 1 What four areas can biology be divided into? deal of research going on in gene therapy where 2 If you are interested in cells, which area biologists are working with doctors and should you study? chemists to find new ways of treating diseases. Other biologists are looking at ways of changing 3 How can zoologists help animals in the wild? the genetic composition of the plants we grow 4 In what way can botanists protect people and for food; of making them more able to fight the environment? diseases and at the same time produce more food. 5 What is astrobiology? We are experiencing a period of climatic change Before you listen too, and this is having an effect on the way animals and plants live. The science of ecology Discuss these questions with your partner. is becoming more and more important; biologists who specialise in zoology are working What do you know about climate change? in many parts of the world. Some are working to How do you imagine plants and animals protect species like the tiger, which are are affected by global climates seriously threatened by climate change. Others becoming warmer? are investigating wildlife from the smallest insects to the largest mammals, trying to В F Listening *))) understand how they all live together. Botanists Listen to part of a TV programme about are looking at the effect new types of food crops climate change.Then decide if the have on the environment and how changes in following statements are true or false. that area can affect our general health. There is even a new area of biology called astrobiology, The report suggests there are т • which is looking at the possibilities of life on reasons for hope as well as worry. F • other planets - but perhaps that is something In the past, ice ages and droughts т • for the more distant future. killed off all life. F • Whatever you specialise in, as long as there is Temperatures are rising at т • life on this (or any other) planet, there is work five degrees every century. F • for a biologist. Some plants and animals move т • Good luck and enjoy your studies! as climates become warmer. FD Jean Shearer There are mountain animals that т • Professor of Biology will die if temperatures rise. F • 7 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2 Biology Speaking tips ^ G Speaking • Speak from notes. Discuss these questions with your partner. • Don't write out everything you plan to say; use key words. How important do you feel the study of • Introduce each new idea clearly. biology is for our world today? Would you prefer not to study it? Why? Are there any areas of biology which you think are more important than others? Task Prepare a short presentation to answer the question: 'What is biology?' Use the information in both texts. Talk about: • what the study of biology includes • the four main areas of biology • where biologists work f /£ • what biology informs us about H Writing Write a letter to your tutor telling him or her which areas of Biology you would like to specialise in and why. Use these First complete these notes. notes to help you. Use them in your presentation. Dear Mr / Mrs (tutor's surname), Biology: The study of Writing to tell you choices I have made There are four main areas: Specialise in: (one or two of the main areas) is about Reasons for choosing: interested in (plants / is about animals / laboratory work / latest ideas / your own ideas) Molecular biology is about Possible career choices: what I hope to do is about inheritance. when I graduate (medicine / ecology / Biologists work in .... agriculture / your own idea) and Offer to meet and discuss choices: I would like your advice and hope we can ... In conclusion, biology is about Yours sincerely, (your full name: first name + surname) Remember to: • read the texts again • select information that is relevant • add examples where you can Write 100-140 words. 8 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2 Biology Before you read Discuss these questions with your partner. -» What is a microscope? What can you do with one? What kind of scientist uses a microscope? What other tools/equipment do biologists use? Й A Vocabulary Choose the correct definition of these words. H Reading 1 1 state A deny В say С suggest Germ theory 2 weaken A reduce В increase In the past, germ theory was something that С add caused a lot of discussion and disagreement. Germ 3 decaying A breaking down theory, the idea that microorganisms or germs В growing were the cause of many diseases, was something С sleeping that took biologists and the medical profession a 4 trap A free long time to accept. Long before the invention of В imprison the microscope, biologists were uncertain about С move the existence of microorganisms, forms of life too 5 maggot A egg of a fly small to be seen with the naked eye. Biologists В larva of a fly knew that small life forms existed, but could not С small fly say where they came from. The accepted scientific 6 jar A ceramic plate theory was what was known as spontaneous В plastic cup generation (abiogenesis). Quite simply, this stated С glass pot that living things appeared from nowhere, as if out 7 disprove A prove wrong of nothing, for no reason. According to scientists В don't prove this happened in things that were decaying: that is, С not approve in what remained of things that were dead. 8 microorganism A germ Spontaneous generation could take place in a dead В small animal animal, for example, when the animal's flesh С little plant decayed into maggots. These maggots would then grow into flies or other insects. Mud or dead plants 9 vacuum A a full space В an empty space were other places where new life could come into С a space with gas existence. 9 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2 Biology Near the end of the 17th century the Italian Pronunciation guide scientist Francesco Redi proved that maggots abiogenesis /eibaiau'djenssis/ come from eggs that flies lay in the flesh of germ /ёзз:гт/ dead animals. He carried out one of the first Lazzaro Spallanzani tla:zsro spalsn'tjaim/ modern scientific experiments in this area. He Louis Pasteur /lui pa:st3:/ put meat into three jars. One jar he kept tightly Needham /пЫэтI closed so that air could not enter. Another he spontaneous /spDnteiniss/ covered with cloth and the third he left open to the air. Maggots appeared, but only in the open jar. However, belief in spontaneous generation E В Comprehension was not destroyed by his experiment and Read the text and answer the questions almost 100 years later, the Englishman John in your own words. Needham carried out a similar experiment. First, he boiled the meat to kill any living 1 Where did biologists believe living organisms that were already there. He kept the things came from before the days of air from outside out of his jar and not maggots the microscope? but microorganisms or germs grew in it. 2 What was original about Redi's experiment? Needham argued that this proved that life could be generated spontaneously from dead material. 3 What did people say about Spallanzani's However, he did not know they were present in experiment? the air already in the jar. When Lazzaro 4 What effect did the microscope have on Spallanzani in Italy repeated Needham's belief in spontaneous generation? experiment but removed the air from the jar creating a vacuum with the result that nothing 5 How did Pasteur change Redi's experiment? grew on the meat, people argued that he only had proved that spontaneous generation could Before you listen not take place without air. Discuss these questions with your partner. The invention of the microscope did little to How many mammals can you name? Name as weaken the belief in spontaneous generation. many mammals as you can. The microscope opened up a new world of microorganisms to biologists but they could not How many insects can you name? explain where they came from and so claimed Can you name living things that you can only it was by spontaneous generation. see under a microscope? It was not until the middle of the 19th century What do you know about protozoa such that the French biochemist, Louis Pasteur, as amoebas? proved to the world that microorganisms were present in the air and that the idea of В С Listening *))) spontaneous generation had no place in biology. Pasteur changed Redi's experiment so that the Listen to this class discussion jar was 's'-shaped at the opening. This let the air about protozoa and correct the in, but trapped any microorganisms in the's' following statements. bend. The meat in Pasteur's jars did not generate 1 The word protozoa means microorganisms. microorganisms. Only when Pasteur moved the jar, allowing the meat to touch the 2 One of protozoa's ecological functions is to microorganisms in the trap, did microorganisms produce bacteria. start to grow. In this way he showed that growth 3 Paramecium have a simple internal only occurred when there was contact with the organisation and a fixed shape. air. This time the scientist's conclusions could 4 All protozoa are parasites and live in humans not be ignored. The idea of spontaneous or animals. generation was finally disproved and from that time on biologists have recognised that 5 Protozoa can only feed by taking in nutrients microorganisms are present in the air. through the cell mouth. 10 Macmillan Guide to Science Unit 2