Lung Connective Tissue: Location, Metabolism, and Response to Injury

214 Pages·1981·40.428 MB·\214

by  John A. Pickrell (Editor)

Lung Connective Tissue:
Location, Metabolisn1,
and
Response to lnj ury
Editor:
John A. Pickrell, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Scientist
Department of Pathobiology
Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Boca Raton London New York
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PREFACE
Our understanding of pulmonary interaction with the environment has progressed
dramatically over the past years. The importance of pulmonary connective tissue in
this interaction has become increasingly evident. Many of the tools and even the facts
necessary to understand the role of pulmonary connective tissue in health and disease
exist or are being gathered. The need to think about these diverse facts, collate them,
and form them into cohesive patterns describing pulmonary interactions for the benefit
of the pulmonary patient are becoming increasingly apparent. It is the purpose of this
book to consider each fact carefully in each facet of lung connective tissue, structure,
metabolism, and response to injury. Following this consideration of what is known
the authors will speculate to varying degrees as to how this set of facts relates to the
particular aspect of pulmonary biology or pathology. This book presupposes some
basic knowledge of biology, medicine, biochemistry, and immunology which have been
discussed at length in many fine books or monographs on the subjects. However, the
relevance to each aspect of the lung is discussed in some detail.
The authors hope that this volume serves the purpose of collating facts and ideas
concerning pulmonary connective tissue and its interaction with other lung elements
in health and disease. It would certainly be presumptuous to claim that all or even a
large part of the answers are contained herein. We do hope that these facts and ideas
may provide the basis upon which further progress can be made in this new but rapidly
developing field. Finally, we hope that such progress will be reflected in improved
health of patients, not only in therapeutic manipulation, but in prevention of lung
disease.
John A. Pickrell
Albuquerque, New Mexico
THE EDITOR
John A. Pickrell, D.V.M., Ph.D., is a Scientist in the Department of Pathobiology
at The Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He
formerly held an NIH post-professional fellowship at the University of Illinois, Ur-
bana, Illinois. He graduated in 1965 with a D.V.M. degree from The University of
Illinois, and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Medicine Science with a sole
minor in biochemistry from the same institution in 1968.
Dr. Pickrell is a member of The American Physiological Society and The Federation
of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Membership in other professional
societies include: Phi Zeta, Phi Kappa Phi, American Veterinary Medical Association,
American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathologists, American Society of Veterinary
Physiologists and Pharmacologists, American Association of Clinical Chemists, Amer-
ican Thoracic Society, American Association for Advancement of Science, Society for
Experimental Biology and Medicine, and Toastmasters International. Dr. Pickrell has
given more than 30 scientific presentations or invited lectures and published more than
30 research papers. His major research interests include pulmonary connective tissue
pathobiology and clinical pathology.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In early 1975, our director, Dr. R. O. McClellan, the associate director, Dr. Robert
K. Jones, and my project coordinator, Dr. David O. Slauson, made me "an offer I
couldn't refuse'' and convinced me to begin work on an in-depth review article con-
cerning lung connective tissue in health and disease. None of us had any idea of the
nature of such an undertaking, nor of its value to me. I am grateful for being convinced
to stick with the project long enough to realize its scientific value to me.
I must thank the response of our library staff during this time span, Ms. Joan Stod-
dart, Lynn Merritt, Susan Small, and Frank Kellerman, who so enthusiastically and
magnificently responded to my request of everything on connective tissue that I soon
had collected several hundred references. Mr. Frank Kellerman verified references used
in the text. This extensive task was greatly appreciated. I could see that this effort was
beginning to resemble a monograph, book, or very long review article.
Thanks go to the critical comments and intellectual stimulation of my colleagues
who reviewed parts of the manuscript: Drs. Charles Mitchell and Bob Carpenter (struc-
ture), Drs. Rogene Henderson and Ray Pfleger (metabolism), and Dr. Hartwig Muhle,
Joe Mauderly, and Ron Wolff (diseases and parts of the rest). A special note of thanks
to Dr. F. F. Hahn for his work on the pathology aspects of the disease chapters is
given. Thanks are also due to the nameless reviewers solicited by CRC Press who gave
me several ideas. The typing by Ms. Elsie Spencer was invaluable; her reading of the
"sanskrit" of the principal author was noteworthy and done under trying circumstan-
ces. Thanks go also to Ms. Carol Garcia, Tanna Callaway, and Victoria Gonzales,
who typed portions of the manuscript. We appreciate the efforts of Ms. Judy Miller
in coordinating production and assembly of the final manuscript. The graphics and
illustration of Mr. E. E. Goff are gratefully acknowledged.
The principal author especially wishes to acknowledge the superb technical assist-
ance of those people performing work in his laboratory which was cited in this book:
Mr. J. J. Belasich, Ms. Patricia Lynn Bryant, Ms. Dorothy Harris, Mr. Gary Jones,
Dr. Catherine Lustgarten, Mr. David McCamey, Mr. Ralph Rodriquez, Ms. Kathy
Sass, Ms. Janette Shafer, Ms. Carol T. Schnizlein, Ms. Karen Servilla, Ms. Frances
Straus, Ms. Débora Villa, Mr. David Wesselman, and Ms. Susan Wilson. Without you
there would have been little to report. Thanks for the intellectual stimulation provided
over the years. Thanks especially for the enthusiastic encouragement of Ms. Frances
Straus and Kathy Sass in this and associated projects.
A special note of thanks goes to my family, Bonnie, Debbie, and Greg, for their
understanding, encouragement, and interest. My belated apologies to them for many
lost evenings, some days, and an occasional weekend. Thanks, Bonnie and Deb, for
your help in collating and checking references. Thanks to all of the people who helped
me in this project. Without your help there would not have been a book.
Finally, the editorial assistance provided by CRC Press is recognized and sincerely
appreciated. Research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy Con-
tract Number EY-76-C-04-1013 in facilities accredited by the American Association
for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.
DEDICATION
To Bonnie, Debbie and Greg and to Frances and Kathy
CONTRIBUTORS
Robert Burrell, Ph.D. Research Institute
Professor of Microbiology Albuquerque, New Mexico
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia John A. Pickrell, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Scientist
Joseph O.Hill, Ph.D. Department of Pathobiology
Microbiologist Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology
Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute
Research Institute Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Ron Wolff, Ph.D.
Joe L. Mauderly, D.V.M. Associate Scientist
Physiologist Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology
Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute
Albuquerque, New Mexico
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 2
Collagen Structure 5
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 3
Elastin Location and Structure 19
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 4
Proteoglycans and Mucoproteins 27
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 5
Collagen Biosynthesis 33
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 6
Collagen Degradation 61
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 7
Elastin Metabolism 71
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 8
Metabolism of Proteoglycans and Mucoproteins 79
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 9
Lung Cell Types and Their Kinetics 85
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 10
Interaction of Mesenchymal Cells with the Extracellular Matrix — A Speculative
Model 101
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 11
Immunologic Mechanisms of Pulmonary Connective Tissue Injury 109
R.Burrell and J. O.Hill
Chapter 12
Sequence of Events in Pulmonary Injury 123
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 13
Pulmonary Fibrosis 132
J. A. Pickrell and J. L. Mauderly
Chapter 14
Pulmonary Emphysema 157
J. A. Pickrell and J. L. Mauderly
Chapter 15
Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma: Biochemistry, Rheology, and Mucociliary Clear-
ance 169
R. K. Wolff, J. L. Mauderly, and J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 16
Pulmonary Neoplasia 185
J. A. Pickrell
Chapter 17
Summary 193
J. A. Pickrell
Index 199