Low-visibility antennas for communication systems

290 Pages·2016·13.44 MB·English

by  Sabban

Low-Visibility
Antennas for
Communication
Systems
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
GREGORY L. CHARVAT SERIES
ON PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SERIES EDITOR
Gregory L. Charvat
Advisor, Co-Founder, Researcher,
Westbrook, Connecticut, USA
PUBLISHED TITLES
Low-Visibility Antennas for Communication Systems
Albert Sabban
Small and Short-Range Radar Systems
Gregory L. Charvat

© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Low-Visibility
Antennas for
Communication
Systems
DR. ALBERT SABBAN
Braude College, Karmiel, Israel

Boca Raton London New York
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© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20150410
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© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The book is dedicated to the memory of my father, mother, and sister:
David Sabban, Dolly Sabban, and Aliza Sabban
Also dedicated to my family:
My wife, Mazal Sabban
My daughters, Dolly and Lilach
My son, David Sabban
Grandchildren, Nooa, Avigail, Ido, and Shirra

© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Series Preface .........................................................................................................xiii
Preface......................................................................................................................xv
About the Author ...................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines ................................1
1.1 Definitions .................................................................................1
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves .............................................................2
1.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations ....................................................2
1.2.2 Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields ....................................3
1.2.3 Gauss’s Law for Magnetic Fields .................................3
1.2.4 Ampère’s Law ..............................................................3
1.2.5 Faraday’s Law ...............................................................4
1.2.6 Wave Equations ............................................................4
1.3 Transmission Lines ....................................................................6
1.4 Matching Techniques ..............................................................11
1.4.1 Smith Chart Guidelines ..............................................14
1.4.2 Quarter-Wave Transformers .......................................14
1.4.3 Wideband Matching—Multisection Transformers ....15
1.4.4 Single-Stub Matching .................................................15
1.5 Coaxial Transmission Line ......................................................16
1.5.1 Cutoff Frequency and Wavelength of Coaxial Cables ...18
1.6 Microstrip Line ........................................................................18
1.6.1 Effective Dielectric Constant .....................................19
1.6.2 Characteristic Impedance ...........................................19
1.6.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes
in a Microstrip Line ....................................................20
1.6.3.1 Examples .....................................................20
1.6.3.2 Losses in Microstrip Line ...........................21
1.6.4 Conductor Loss...........................................................21
1.6.5 Dielectric Loss............................................................21
1.7 Materials ..................................................................................24
1.8 Waveguides ..............................................................................24
1.8.1 TE Waves....................................................................25
1.8.2 TM Waves ..................................................................28
1.9 Circular Waveguide .................................................................30
1.9.1 TE Waves in a Circular Waveguide ............................32
1.9.2 TM Waves in a Circular Waveguide ..........................34
References ..........................................................................................36
vii
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
Chapter 2 Basic Antenna Theory ........................................................................39
2.1 Introduction to Antennas .........................................................39
2.2 Antenna Parameters ................................................................39
2.3 Dipole Antenna ........................................................................42
2.3.1 Radiation from a Small Dipole ..................................42
2.3.2 Dipole Radiation Pattern ............................................43
2.3.3 Dipole E-Plane Radiation Pattern ..............................44
2.3.4 Dipole H-Plane Radiation Pattern ..............................44
2.3.5 Antenna Radiation Pattern .........................................45
2.3.6 Dipole Directivity .......................................................46
2.3.7 Antenna Impedance ...................................................47
2.3.8 Impedance of a Folded Dipole ...................................47
2.4 Basic Aperture Antennas .........................................................47
2.4.1 The Parabolic Reflector Antenna ...............................48
2.4.2 Reflector Directivity ...................................................49
2.4.3 Cassegrain Reflector ...................................................51
2.5 Horn Antennas .........................................................................51
2.5.1 E-Plane Sectoral Horn ................................................51
2.5.2 H-Plane Sectoral Horn ...............................................54
2.5.3 Pyramidal Horn Antenna ...........................................59
References ..........................................................................................61
Chapter 3 Low-Visibility Printed Antennas ........................................................63
3.1 Microstrip Antennas ................................................................63
3.1.1 Introduction to Microstrip Antennas ..........................63
3.1.2 Transmission Line Model of Microstrip Antennas ....65
3.1.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes in Microstrip
Antennas .....................................................................66
3.1.4 Effective Dielectric Constant .....................................67
3.1.5 Losses in Microstrip Antennas ..................................67
3.1.5.1 Conductor Loss ...........................................67
3.1.5.2 Dielectric Loss ............................................67
3.1.6 Patch Radiation Pattern ..............................................68
3.2 Two-Layer Stacked Microstrip Antennas ................................68
3.3 Stacked Monopulse Ku Band Patch Antenna ..........................71
3.3.1 Rat-Race Coupler .......................................................71
3.4 Loop Antennas ........................................................................72
3.4.1 Small Loop Antenna ..................................................72
3.4.2 Printed Loop Antenna ................................................73
3.4.3 Radio Frequency Identification Loop Antennas ........76
3.4.4 New Loop Antenna with Ground Plane .....................77
3.5 Wired Loop Antenna ...............................................................80
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
3.6 Radiation Pattern of a Loop Antenna Near a Metal Sheet ......81
3.7 Planar Inverted-F Antenna ......................................................83
3.7.1 Grounded Quarter-Wavelength Patch Antenna ..........84
3.7.2 A New Double-Layer PIFA Antenna .........................85
References ..........................................................................................87
Chapter 4 Antenna Array ....................................................................................89
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................89
4.2 Array Radiation Pattern ..........................................................89
4.3 Broadside Array.......................................................................91
4.4 End-Fire Array ........................................................................92
4.5 Printed Arrays .........................................................................92
4.6 Stacked Microstrip Antenna Arrays ........................................94
4.7 Ka Band Microstrip Antenna Arrays ......................................95
4.8 Series Fed Microstrip Arrays ..................................................97
4.9 Stacked Series Fed Microstrip 8-Element Array ..................103
4.10 Stacked Series Parallel Fed Microstrip 64-Element Array ...105
4.11 Conclusions ............................................................................106
References ........................................................................................106
Chapter 5 Applications of Low-Visibility Printed Antennas ............................109
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................109
5.2 Low-Visibility Microstrip Antenna Arrays
with High Efficiency ..............................................................110
5.2.1 Evaluation of Microstrip Feed Network Losses .......111
5.2.2 Evaluation of Radiation Loss ...................................111
5.2.3 Radiation Loss from Microstrip Discontinuities ......113
5.2.4 64- and 256-Microstrip Antenna Arrays
with High Efficiency ................................................114
5.3 W Band Microstrip Antenna Detection Array ......................116
5.3.1 The Array Principle of Operation ............................117
5.3.2 W Band Antenna Design ..........................................118
5.3.3 Resistor Design .........................................................119
5.3.4 220-GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna ........................121
5.4 Medical Applications of Microstrip Antennas ......................121
5.4.1 Dual Polarized 434-MHz Printed Antenna .............121
5.4.2 New Loop Antenna with a Ground Plane ................124
5.4.3 Antenna S Variation as a Function of Distance
11
from the Body...........................................................124
5.4.4 Medical Applications for Low-Visibility Antennas ...128
5.5 Conclusion .............................................................................131
References ........................................................................................132
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
x Contents
Chapter 6 Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical Applications ...133
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................133
6.2 Dually Polarized Wearable 434-MHz Printed Antenna .......134
6.3 Loop Antenna with a Ground Plane ......................................137
6.4 Antenna S Variation as a Function of Distance
11
from the Body ........................................................................140
6.5 Wearable Antennas ................................................................144
6.6 Compact Dual Polarized Printed Antenna ............................146
6.7 Helix Antenna Performance on the Human Body ................147
6.8 Compact Wearable RFID Antennas ......................................150
6.8.1 Dual Polarized 13.5-MHz Compact Printed
Antenna ....................................................................150
6.8.2 Varying the Antenna Feed Network.........................151
6.8.3 RFID Wearable Loop Antennas ...............................154
6.8.4 Proposed Antenna Applications ...............................155
6.9 Conclusions ............................................................................156
References ........................................................................................157
Chapter 7 Wearable Tunable Printed Antennas for Medical Applications .......159
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................159
7.2 Varactor Theory.....................................................................159
7.2.1 Varactor Diode Basics ..............................................159
7.2.2 Types of Varactors ....................................................161
7.3 Dually Polarized Tunable Printed Antenna...........................161
7.4 Wearable Tunable Antennas ..................................................163
7.5 Tunable Antenna Varactors ...................................................165
7.6 Measurements of Tunable Antennas .....................................165
7.7 Folded Dual Polarized Tunable Antenna ..............................166
7.8 Medical Applications for Tunable Antennas .........................167
7.9 Conclusions ............................................................................169
References ........................................................................................169
Chapter 8 New Wideband Wearable Meta-Material Antennas
for Communication Applications .....................................................171
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................171
8.2 New Antennas with SRRs .....................................................171
8.3 Folded Dipole Meta-Material Antenna with SRRs ...............177
8.4 Stacked Patch Antenna Loaded with SRRs ..........................179
8.5 Patch Antenna Loaded with SRRs ........................................181
8.6 Meta-Material Antenna Characteristics in the Vicinity
of the Human Body ...............................................................183
8.7 Meta-Material Wearable Antennas .......................................187
8.8 Wideband Stacked Patch with SRR ......................................189
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC