Loose Leaf for Integrated Principles of Zoology

930 Pages·2019·611.548 MB·English

by  Cleveland Hickman, Susan Keen, David Eisenhour, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson

INTEGR ATED PRINC IPLES OF
E I G H T E E N T H E D I T I O N
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
PROFESSOR EMERITUS
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
Susan L. Keen
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA–DAVIS
David J. Eisenhour
MOREHEAD STATE UNIVERSITY
Allan Larson
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
Helen I’Anson
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
Original Artwork by
WILLIAM C. OBER, M.D.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
and
CLAIRE W. OBER, B.A.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
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INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2020 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2017, 2014, and
2011. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
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limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19
ISBN 978-1-260-56597-3
MHID 1-260-56597-1
Cover Image: ©Shutterstock/idreamphoto
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The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
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C O N T E N T S I N B R I E F
About the Authors ix 20 Crustaceans 428
Preface x
21 Hexapods 450
22 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates 480
23 Chordates 506
P A R T O N E
24 Fishes 524
25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 552
Introduction to Living Animals
26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 571
1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 1
27 Birds 593
2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life 20
28 Mammals 619
3 Cells as Units of Life 36
4 Cellular Metabolism 57
P A R T F O U R
P A R T T W O
Activity of Life
29 Support, Protection, and Movement 648
Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life
30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion,
5 Genetics: A Review 73 and Temperature Regulation 669
6 Organic Evolution 103 31 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 689
7 The Reproductive Process 137 32 Digestion and Nutrition 711
8 Principles of Development 158 33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense
Organs 729
34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 755
P A R T T H R E E 35 Immunity 773
36 Animal Behavior 787
Diversity of Animal Life
9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 187
P A R T F I V E
10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 201
11 Unicellular Eukaryotes 220
Animals and Their Environments
12 Sponges and Placozoans 250
13 Cnidarians and Ctenophores 264 37 Animal Distributions 806
14 Xenacoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 294 38 Animal Ecology 826
15 Polyzoa and Trochozoa 325
16 Molluscs 338
Glossary G-1
17 Annelids 369 Index I-1
18 Smaller Ecdysozoans 391
19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 409
iii
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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
About the Authors ix 3.3 Mitosis and Cell Division 51
Preface x Summary 54
CHAPTER 4
P A R T O N E Cellular Metabolism 57
4.1 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 58
4.2 The Role of Enzymes 59
4.3 Enzyme Regulation 61
4.4 Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP 62
4.5 Cellular Respiration 63
4.6 Metabolism of Lipids 69
4.7 Metabolism of Proteins 70
Summary 71
P A R T T W O
Introduction to Living Animals
CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological Principles and the Science
of Zoology 1
1.1 Fundamental Properties of Life 2
1.2 Zoology as a Part of Biology 9
1.3 Principles of Science 9
1.4 Theories of Evolution and Heredity 13
Summary 18
Continuity and Evolution
CHAPTER 2
of Animal Life
The Origin and Chemistry of Life 20
CHAPTER 5
2.1 Water and Life 21
2.2 Macromolecules 23 Genetics: A Review 73
2.3 Chemical Evolution 26
2.4 Origin of Living Systems 29 5.1 Mendel’s Investigations 74
2.5 Precambrian Life 31 5.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 74
Summary 34 5.3 Mendelian Laws of Inheritance 79
5.4 Gene Theory 88
5.5 Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information 88
CHAPTER 3
5.6 Gene Mutations 98
Cells as Units of Life 36 5.7 Molecular Genetics of Cancer 99
Summary 99
3.1 Cell Concept 37
3.2 Organization of Cells 39
iv
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Table of Contents v
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 9
Organic Evolution 103 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 187
6.1 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory 104 9.1 Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity 188
6.2 Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence 107 9.2 Animal Body Plans 189
6.3 Revisions of Darwin’s Theory 125 9.3 Components of Animal Bodies 193
6.4 Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Species 126 9.4 Complexity and Body Size 198
6.5 Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events 132 Summary 199
Summary 134
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 7
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 201
The Reproductive Process 137
10.1 Linnaeus and Taxonomy 202
7.1 Nature of the Reproductive Process 138 10.2 Species 204
7.2 The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells 142 10.3 Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction 209
7.3 Reproductive Patterns 146 10.4 Theories of Taxonomy 211
7.4 Structure of Reproductive Systems 147 10.5 Major Divisions of Life 217
7.5 Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction 149 10.6 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom 217
Summary 156 Summary 218
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 11
Principles of Development 158 Unicellular Eukaryotes 220
8.1 Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis 159 11.1 Naming and Identifying Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 221
8.2 Fertilization 160 11.2 Form and Function 225
8.3 Cleavage and Early Development 163 11.3 Major Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 231
8.4 An Overview of Development Following Cleavage 165 11.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 245
8.5 Mechanisms of Development 167 Summary 248
8.6 Gene Expression During Development 170
8.7 Developmental Patterns in Animals 173
CHAPTER 12
8.8 Evolutionary Developmental Biology 178
8.9 Vertebrate Development 178 Sponges and Placozoans 250
8.10 Development of Systems and Organs 181
Summary 185 12.1 Origin of Animals 251
12.2 Phylum Porifera: Sponges 251
12.3 Phylum Placozoa 262
Summary 263
P A R T T H R E E
CHAPTER 13
Cnidarians and Ctenophores 264
13.1 Phylum Cnidaria 265
13.2 Phylum Ctenophora 287
13.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 290
Summary 292
CHAPTER 14
Xenacoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa 294
14.1 Phylum Xenacoelomorpha 295
14.2 Clades Within Protostomia 297
14.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes 297
Diversity of Animal Life 14.4 Phylum Gastrotricha 312
14.5 Clade Gnathifera 313
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vi Table of Contents
14.6 Phylum Gnathostomulida 314 18.8 Phylum Tardigrada 404
14.7 Phylum Micrognathozoa 315 18.9 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 406
14.8 Phylum Rotifera 316 Summary 407
14.9 Phylum Acanthocephala 318
14.10 Phylum Mesozoa 320
CHAPTER 19
14.11 Phylogeny 320
Summary 322 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 409
19.1 Phylum Arthropoda 410
CHAPTER 15
19.2 Subphylum Trilobita 413
Polyzoa and Trochozoa 325 19.3 Subphylum Chelicerata 414
19.4 Subphylum Myriapoda 422
15.1 Clade Polyzoa 327 19.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 425
15.2 Phylum Cycliophora 327 Summary 426
15.3 Phylum Entoprocta 327
15.4 Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) 328
CHAPTER 20
15.5 Clade Trochozoa 331
15.6 Clade Brachiozoa 331 Crustaceans 428
15.7 Phylum Brachiopoda 331
15.8 Phylum Phoronida 332 20.1 Subphylum Crustacea 430
15.9 Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) 333 20.2 A Brief Survey of Crustaceans 438
15.10 Phylogeny 335 20.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 447
Summary 336 Summary 448
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 16
Hexapods 450
Molluscs 338
21.1 Classes Entognatha and Insecta 451
16.1 Molluscs 339
21.2 External Form and Function 451
16.2 Form and Function 341
21.3 Internal Form and Function 457
16.3 Classes of Molluscs 344
21.4 Metamorphosis and Growth 464
16.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 364
21.5 Behavior and Defense 466
Summary 367
21.6 Insects and Human Welfare 470
21.7 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 476
CHAPTER 17 Summary 477
Annelids 369
CHAPTER 22
17.1 Phylum Annelida, Including Pogonophorans (Siboglinids), Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and
Sipunculans, and Echiurans 371 Hemichordates 480
17.2 Errantia 374
17.3 Sedentaria 376
22.1 Phylum Chaetognatha 482
17.4 Clade Clitellata 381
22.2 Form and Function 482
17.5 Evolutionary Significance of a Coelom and Metamerism 388
22.3 Clade Ambulacraria 483
17.6 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 389
22.4 Phylum Echinodermata 483
Summary 389
22.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification of Echinoderms 499
22.6 Phylum Hemichordata 500
CHAPTER 18 22.7 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification of Hemichordates 503
Summary 504
Smaller Ecdysozoans 391
CHAPTER 23
18.1 Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms 392
18.2 Phylum Nematomorpha 400 Chordates 506
18.3 Phylum Loricifera 401
18.4 Phylum Kinorhyncha 401 23.1 Ancestry and Evolution of the Chordates 507
18.5 Phylum Priapulida 402 23.2 Five Chordate Characteristics 510
18.6 Clade Panarthropoda 403 23.3 Subphylum Urochordata 512
18.7 Phylum Onychophora 403 23.4 Subphylum Cephalochordata 514
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Table of Contents vii
23.5 Subphylum Vertebrata 515
P A R T F O U R
Summary 522
CHAPTER 24
Fishes 524
24.1 Ancestry and Relationships of Major Groups
of Fishes 525
24.2 Living Jawless Fishes 525
24.3 Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes 531
24.4 Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes and Tetrapods 535
24.5 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes 539
Summary 549
CHAPTER 25
Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 552
Activity of Life
25.1 Devonian Origin of Tetrapods 553
25.2 Temnospondyls and Modern Amphibians 555
CHAPTER 29
25.3 Caecilians: Order Gymnophiona (Apoda) 557
25.4 Salamanders: Order Urodela (Caudata) 557 Support, Protection, and Movement 648
25.5 Frogs and Toads: Order Anura (Salientia) 560
Summary 569 29.1 Integument 649
29.2 Skeletal Systems 652
29.3 Animal Movement 658
CHAPTER 26 Summary 667
Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 571
CHAPTER 30
26.1 Origin and Early Evolution of Amniotes 572
Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion,
26.2 Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian
and Temperature Regulation 669
Groups 577
Summary 591
30.1 Water and Osmotic Regulation 670
30.2 Invertebrate Excretory Structures 674
30.3 Vertebrate Kidney 676
CHAPTER 27
30.4 Temperature Regulation 682
Birds 593 Summary 686
27.1 Origin and Relationships 594
CHAPTER 31
27.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations for Flight 597
27.3 Flight 605 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 689
27.4 Migration and Navigation 608
27.5 Social Behavior and Reproduction 610 31.1 Internal Fluid Environment 690
27.6 Bird Populations and Their Conservation 613 31.2 Composition of Blood 691
Summary 617 31.3 Circulation 693
31.4 Respiration 701
Summary 709
CHAPTER 28
CHAPTER 32
Mammals 619
Digestion and Nutrition 711
28.1 Origin and Evolution of Mammals 620
28.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals 623
32.1 Feeding Mechanisms 712
28.3 Humans and Mammals 637
32.2 Digestion 715
28.4 Human Evolution 638
32.3 Organization and Regional Function of Alimentary Canals 717
Summary 646
32.4 Regulation of Food Intake 722
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viii Table of Contents
32.5 Nutritional Requirements 724
P A R T F I V E
Summary 727
CHAPTER 33
Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and
Sense Organs 729
33.1 Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems 730
33.2 Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves 734
33.3 Evolution of Nervous Systems 736
33.4 Sense Organs 742
Summary 753
CHAPTER 34
Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 755
Animals and Their Environments
34.1 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 756
34.2 Invertebrate Hormones 758
34.3 Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones 760 CHAPTER 37
Summary 770
Animal Distributions 806
CHAPTER 35 37.1 Principles of Historical Biogeography 807
37.2 Distribution of Life on Earth 813
Immunity 773 Summary 824
35.1 Susceptibility and Resistance 774
35.2 Innate Defense Mechanisms 774 CHAPTER 38
35.3 Immunity in Invertebrates 778
35.4 Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates 778 Animal Ecology 826
35.5 Blood Group Antigens 784
Summary 785 38.1 The Hierarchy of Ecology 827
38.2 Populations 828
38.3 Community Ecology 832
CHAPTER 36
38.4 Ecosystems 836
Animal Behavior 787 38.5 Extinction and Biodiversity 840
Summary 843
36.1 Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology 789
Glossary G-1
36.2 Control of Behavior 790
Index I-1
36.3 Social Behavior 794
Summary 803
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A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S
CLEVELAND P. HICKMAN, JR. Andean potato evolution, and most recently of Maryland. His fields of specialization in-
how students learn. clude evolutionary biology, molecular popu-
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr., Professor
Dr. Keen has been teaching evolution and lation genetics and systematics, and
Emeritus of Biology at W ashington and Lee
animal diversity within the Introductory Biol- amphibian systematics. He teaches courses in
University in Lexington, Virginia, has
ogy series for 25 years. She enjoys all facets introductory genetics, zoology, macroevolu-
taught zoology and animal physiology for
of the teaching process, from lectures and dis- tion, molecular evolution, and the history of
more than 30 years. He received his Ph.D.
cussions to the design of effective laboratory evolutionary theory, and has organized and
in comparative physiology from the
exercises. In addition to her work with intro- taught a special course in evolutionary biol-
University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
ductory biology, she works with an animator ogy for high-school teachers. Dr. Larson’s
B.C., in 1958 and taught animal physiology
to create self-guided teaching modules on students have participated in zoological field
at the University of Alberta before moving
animal development. She attended the Na- studies around the world, including projects
to Washington and Lee University in 1967.
tional Academies Summer Institute on Un- in Africa, Asia, Australia, Madagascar, North
He has published numerous articles and re-
dergraduate Education in Biology, and was a America, South America, the Indo-Pacific
search papers in fish physiology, in addition
National Academies Education Fellow in the Ocean, and the Caribbean Islands. Dr. Larson
to co-authoring these highly successful
Life Sciences for 2005–2006. has authored numerous scientific publica-
texts: Integrated Principles of Zoology,
Her interests include horseback riding, tions, and has edited for the journals
Biology of Animals, Animal Diversity, Lab-
gardening, travel, and mystery novels. The American Naturalist, Evolution, Journal
oratory Studies in Animal Diversity, and Dr. Keen can be contacted at: of Experimental Zoology, Molecular Phylo-
Laboratory Studies in Integrated Principles
[email protected] genetics and Evolution, and Systematic
of Zoology.
Biology. Dr. Larson serves as an academic
Over the years Dr. Hickman has led many
DAVID J. EISENHOUR advisor to undergraduate students and di-
field trips to the Galápagos Islands. His re-
rects undergraduate studies in biology at
search is on intertidal zonation and marine David J. Eisenhour is professor of biology at Washington University.
invertebrate systematics in the Galápagos. Morehead State University in Morehead, Dr. Larson can be contacted at:
He has published four field guides in the Kentucky. He received his Ph.D. in zoology [email protected]
Galápagos Marine Life Series for the identi- from Southern Illinois University,
fication of echinoderms, marine molluscs, Carbondale. He teaches courses in environ-
HELEN I’ANSON
corals, and marine crustaceans. mental science, human anatomy, mammal-
His interests include scuba diving, wood- ogy, general zoology, comparative anatomy, Helen I’Anson, a native of England, is the
working, and participating in chamber music ichthyology, and vertebrate zoology. David John T. Perry Professor of Biology and Re-
ensembles. has an active research program that focuses search Science at Washington and Lee Univer-
Dr. Hickman can be contacted at: on systematics, conservation biology, and sity in Lexington, Virginia. She received her
[email protected] natural history of North American freshwater Ph.D. in physiology at the University of
fishes. He has a particular interest in the di- Kentucky, Lexington, and postdoctoral train-
SUSAN KEEN versity of Kentucky’s fishes and is writing a ing at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
book about that subject. He and his students She teaches courses in animal physiology, mi-
Susan Keen is a Senior Lecturer in the Col-
have authored several publications. David croanatomy, neuroendocrinology, general bi-
lege of Biological Sciences, University of
serves as an academic advisor to prephar- ology, and reproductive physiology. She has
California at Davis. She was Associate Dean
macy students. an active research program that focuses on the
for Undergraduate Academic Programs
His interests include fishing, landscaping, mechanisms regulating the development of
from 2011 to 2018. She received her
softball, hiking, and entertaining his three childhood obesity. Currently she is studying
Ph.D. in zoology from the University of
children, who, along with his wife, are enthu- the role of snacking from weaning to adult-
California–Davis, following a M.Sc. from
siastic participants in fieldwork. hood in the onset of childhood obesity. In
the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
Dr. Eisenhour can be contacted at: 2019 she was awarded the Outstanding Fac-
She is a native of Canada and obtained her
[email protected] ulty Award for teaching, research, and service
undergraduate education at the University
by the State Council of Higher Education for
of British Columbia in Vancouver.
ALLAN LARSON Virginia.
Dr. Keen is an invertebrate zoologist fasci-
Her interests include gardening, hiking,
nated with sea jelly life histories, in particular Allan Larson is a professor at Washington
fishing, aromatherapy, music, and participat-
those where both asexual and sexual phases of University, St. Louis, MO. He received
ing in choral ensembles.
organisms are present, as in most jellies. Other his Ph.D. in genetics at the University of
Dr. I’Anson can be contacted at:
research has included work on sessile marine California–Berkeley, following B.S. and
[email protected]
invertebrate communities, spider populations, M.S. degrees in zoology from the University
ix
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