Lithium Isotope Separation and Laser Cooling: Experimental Techniques

177 Pages·2022·23.815 MB·English

by  Ignacio Enrique Olivares Bahamondes, German Patricio Carrazana Morales

Techniques for Lithium Isotope
Separation, Laser Cooling,
and Scattering
IOP Series in Coherent Sources, Quantum Fundamentals, and Applications
About the Editor
F J Duarte is a laser physicist based in Western New York, USA. His career has
covered three continents while contributing within the academic, industrial, and
defense sectors. Duarte is editor/author of 15 laser optics books and sole author of
threebooks:TunableLaserOptics,QuantumOpticsforEngineers,andFundamentals
of Quantum Entanglement. Duarte has made original contributions in the fields of
coherentimaging,directedenergy,high-powertunablelasers,lasermetrology,liquid
and solid-state organic gain media, narrow-linewidth tunable laser oscillators,
organic semiconductor coherent emission, N-slit quantum interferometry, polar-
ization rotation, quantum entanglement, and space-to-space secure interferometric
communications. He is also the author of the generalized multiple-prism grating
dispersion theory and pioneered the use of Dirac’s quantum notation in N-slit
interferometry and classical optics. His contributions have found applications
in numerous fields, including astronomical instrumentation, dispersive optics,
femtosecond laser microscopy, geodesics, gravitational lensing, heat transfer, laser
isotope separation, laser medicine, laser pulse compression, laser spectroscopy,
mathematical transforms, nonlinear optics, polarization optics, and tunable diode-
laserdesign.DuartewaselectedFellowoftheAustralianInstituteofPhysicsin1987
and Fellow of the Optical Society of America in 1993. He has received various
recognitions, including the Paul F Foreman Engineering Excellence Award and the
David Richardson Medal from the Optical Society.
Coherent Sources, Quantum Fundamentals, and Applications
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area of inclusion are the coherent sources capable of high performance in the
miniaturized realm. Understanding of quantum fundamentals can lead to new and
better coherent sources and unimagined scientific and technological applications.
Applicationareasofinterestincludetheindustrial,commercial,andmedicalsectors.
Also,particularattentionisgiventoscientificapplicationswithabrightfuturesuch
as coherent spectroscopy, astronomy, biophotonics, space communications, space
interferometry, quantum entanglement, and quantum interference.
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Techniques for Lithium Isotope
Separation, Laser Cooling,
and Scattering
Ignacio E Olivares
Department of Physics, University of Santiago de Chile,
Santiago de Chile, Región Metropolitana, Chile
Patrick Carrazana
Department of Physics, University of California, California, USA
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
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ISBN 978-0-7503-3839-4(ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-3837-0(print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-3840-0(myPrint)
ISBN 978-0-7503-3838-7(mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-3839-4
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To my son, Alexander.
—I.O.

Contents
Preface xiv
Foreword xv
Acknowledgements xvi
Author biographies xvii
1 History of our laser experiments 1-1
1.1 Laser isotope separation laboratory 1-2
1.2 Laser and optics laboratory 1-2
1.3 Teaching laboratory: Experimental Physics V 1-3
1.4 Advanced laboratory 1-3
1.5 Summary 1-3
References 1-3
2 Saturated absorption spectroscopy 2-1
2.1 Description of saturated absorption spectroscopy 2-1
2.2 Multi-level atoms 2-3
2.3 The saturated absorption spectrometer 2-4
2.4 Semiquantitative ideas at two-level atoms 2-5
2.4.1 Excited and ground state populations 2-5
2.4.2 Calculating absolute values 2-6
2.4.3 Transition rates 2-10
2.4.4 Reduction to five levels for the 6Li − D line 2-11
2
2.5 Energy level diagram 2-15
References 2-17
3 Optical instrumentation and detection 3-1
3.1 Geometrical optics 3-1
3.1.1 Laser beam expanders 3-1
3.2 Interference 3-2
3.2.1 The Michelson interferometer 3-2
3.2.2 Multiple beam interference in a single plate: demonstration 3-4
of the Airy relations
3.2.3 Multiple beam interference: the Fabry–Perot interferometer 3-7
3.2.4 Fabry–Perot interferometer–Airy relations 3-9
ix