Lithium-Ion Batteries and Applications: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide to Lithium-Ion Batteries and Arrays, from Toys to Towns, Volume 1: Batteries (Power Engineering)

576 Pages·2020·13.603 MB·English

by  Davide Andrea

Lithium-Ion Batteries and Applications
A Practical and Comprehensive Guide
to Lithium-Ion Batteries and Arrays,
from Toys to Towns
Volume 1
Batteries
For the Artech House Power Engineering Library
go to the back of this book.
Lithium-Ion Batteries and Applications
A Practical and Comprehensive Guide
to Lithium-Ion Batteries and Arrays,
from Toys to Towns
Volume 1
Batteries
Davide Andrea
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-63081-767-1
Cover design by John Gomes
© 2020 Artech House
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be repro-
duced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appro-
priately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Ann

CONTENTS
PREFACE XIX
What This Book Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
What This Book Is Not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Intended Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Beyond This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
The Most Important Takeaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
About Me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
About My Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
About the Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Tidbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Symbols and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Common Misunderstandings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.3.1 Charging While Discharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
1.3.2 The Load Sets the Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.3.3 No Voltage Across a Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.3.4 Power Supply Versus Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1.3.5 Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1.4 Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
1.4.1 Charge and Coulombic Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
1.4.2 Capacity [Ah] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
1.4.3 Current and Specific Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
vii
viii CONTENTS
1.4.4 Energy, Energy Density, Specific Energy, Efficiency . . . . . . .26
1.4.5 Power, Power Density, Specific Power, Efficiency . . . . . . . .29
1.4.6 Resistance and Impedance [Ω] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
1.4.7 Capacitance [F] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
1.5 Maximum Power Point and Maximum Power Time . . . . . . . . . .32
1.5.1 Maximum Power Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
1.5.2 Maximum Power Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
1.5.3 MPT Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
1.5.4 MPT Empirical Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
1.5.5 MPT Derivation from Specs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
1.5.6 Typical Values of MPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
1.5.7 MPT Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
1.5.8 Using the MPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
1.6 States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
1.6.1 States of Alphabet Soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
1.6.2 State of Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
1.6.3 State of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
1.6.4 State of Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
1.6.5 Other “State of” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
1.6.6 Depth of Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
1.6.7 Charge Acceptance, Discharge Availability . . . . . . . . . .46
1.7 Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
1.7.1 Radar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
1.7.2 Ragone Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
1.7.3 MPT-Based Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
1.8 Devices Used with Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
1.8.1 Power Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
1.8.2 AC to DC: Chargers and Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . .59
1.8.3 DC to DC: DC Chargers and DC-DC Converters . . . . . . .60
1.8.4 DC to AC: Inverters, Invergers, and AC Motor Drivers . . . . . .60
1.8.5 AC to AC: Transformers and Variable Frequency Drives . . . . .62
1.8.6 Any Direction: Transverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
CHAPTER 2
LI-ION CELL 65
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
2.1.1 Tidbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
2.1.2 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
2.1.3 Li-Ion Cell Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
2.2 Types of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
2.2.1 Cell Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
2.2.2 Cell Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
2.2.3 Energy Versus Power Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
2.2.4 Cell Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
2.3 Cell Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
CONTENTS ix
2.3.1 Perspectives for Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
2.3.2 Safe Operating Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
2.3.3 Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
2.3.4 Equivalent Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
2.3.5 Cell Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
2.4 Voltage and State of Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
2.4.1 Voltage Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
2.4.2 Terminal Voltage and Open-Circuit Voltage . . . . . . . . . .83
2.4.3 Cell SoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
2.4.4 Voltage vs. SoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
2.4.5 Differential OCV versus SoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
2.4.6 Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
2.5 Capacity, Coulombic Efficiency, and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
2.5.1 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.5.2 Capacity Fade over Time: Calendar Life . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.5.3 Capacity Fade During Use: Cycle Life . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.5.4 Coulombic Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.5.5 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.5.6 Energy Density and Specific Energy . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.5.7 Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.6 Resistance, Impedance, Maximum Power Time . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.6.1 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.6.2 Maximum Power Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.6.3 Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.7 Current, Power, and Self-Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2.7.1 Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2.7.2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2.7.3 Self-Discharge Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.8 Cell Selection and Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.8.1 Liars, Damn Liars, and “Battery Suppliars” . . . . . . . . . 124
2.8.2 Types of Specification Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.8.3 Reading Specification Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.8.4 Cell Sourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
2.8.5 Second Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
2.9 Cell Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.9.1 OCV versus SoC curves and Table . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.9.2 Charge and Discharge Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
2.9.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . 138
2.9.4 Mechanical Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
2.9.5 Calendar Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
2.9.6 Cycle Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
CHAPTER 3
CELL ARRANGEMENT 143
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143