Linux User & Developer 185 - Ubuntu 17.10 Launch Pack

98 Pages·2017·11.142 MB·English

by  Chris Thornett

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Contributors to issue 185 of Linux User & Developer
Dan Aldred, Michael Bedford, Joey Bernard, Christian Cawley,
Nate Drake, John Gowers, Toni Castillo Girona, Mel Llaguno,
Paul O’Brien, Jon Masters, Calvin Robinson, Mayank Sharma,
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www.linuxuser.co.uk 3
Contents
18
DISCOvER
TenSOrFlOw
54
17.10
62
algOriThM
ARTISTS
OpenSource Features Tutorials
06 News 18 Ubuntu 17.10 34 Essential Linux
W i-Fi gets KRACKed, while Purism E verything you need to know about In part four of our Master Shell
disables Intel’s Management Engine ‘Artful Aardvark’, which represents a Scripting guide, we unleash the power
seismic shift in Canonical’s approach of grep using regular expressions
10 Letters to its flagship Linux distro, with plenty
Scribbled musings from readers of changes to excite users 38 Laptop Power Management
By tweaking a few settings, you can make
12 Interview 54 TensorFlow your battery last longer between charges
W ill Cooke, Ubuntu desktop manager runs W ith Google’s TensorFlow, you can add
us through 17.10’s reasons to be cheerful leading-edge machine intelligence 40 Arduino: Build a sentry
to your own smart projects. Discover Build a robot sentry using the combined
how to get started with this incredibly power of Arduino and Raspberry Pi
16 Kernel Column powerful tool
T he latest news on the Linux kernel 44 Security: Reverse engineering
62 Algorithm Artists Use Radare2’s ESIL language to emulate
InspireOS A mazing artworks can be produced binaries and discover their secrets
using computer algorithms and just
a little artistic input. Mike Bedford 48 Java: Add multiplayer
30 The Quest for Open Science explores the fascinating world of Turn your single-player adventure into a
Dr Bowman’s 3D-printing adventures generative art multiplayer network game
4
issue 185
November 2017
facebook.com/LinuxUserUK 94 Free downloads
@linuxusermag We’ve uploaded a host of
new free and open source
software this month
86
70
72 74 88
Practical Pi reviews Back page
70 Pi Project 81 Group test: Terminals 96 Short story
Another marvellous mashup of old and This month’s fab four are a bunch of When sentient household items are
new tech from Martin Mander, the Kodak terminal emulators, ranging from thrown away, they may not like it
Pi Notification Lamp lights up whenever the bare-bones to highly advanced.
certain messages are received Which one will come out on top? free dvdw wuw.blinuuxunser.tcou.uk 17.10 special
7 2 PUsi eS tthae tvuerss aBtiolea Pri dHut Status Board 8 6 1Ca4n- ian $c9h9 APRinMe-bbaosoedk Linux laptop LiNUx User & DeveLoper issue 185Tfhoer ethses e GnNTUia Gle mNeargaatziionNe
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06News & Opinion | 10Letters | 12Interview | 16 Kernel Column

Hardware
Has your Wi-Fi network been KRACKed?
New flaw discovered in Linux and Android wireless networking
Updates have been released for Ubuntu governments backdoors into encryption.
and other key Linux distributions to As Vanhoef notes: “[The] attack is not limited
address a stunning wireless security to recovering login credentials (i.e. email
flaw. Weaknesses in the WPA2 protocol addresses and passwords). In general, any
were uncovered during the summer, and data or information that the victim transmits
made public in October by Belgian security can be decrypted. Additionally, depending
researcher Mathy Vanhoef. on the device being used and the network
Dubbed ‘KRACK’ (Key Reinstallation setup, it is also possible to decrypt data
AttaCK), the vulnerability exploits the four- sent towards the victim (e.g. the content of a
way handshake employed by WPA2 to ensure website).”
the client device and access points have So far, Windows, macOS, iOS and Android above You may want to switch to an Ethernet
connection to protect vulnerable devices
the correct credentials. The KRACK attack have all received patches, as have some
enables the attacker to force the client device routers. As for Linux, KRACK impacts a vast manipulate traffic sent by these Linux and
to use a previously used encryption key, when range of systems, from a standard PC to Android devices.”
these should only be used once. When the Linux-based Internet of Things applications. As noted, many Linux distros have rolled
key is accepted, encryption can be bypassed, Linux and Android devices are potentially out updates to patch the flaw; however, some
allowing the attacker to wreak havoc. most at risk. Around 50 per cent of all lag behind. Some devices – such as routers
To be clear, KRACK poses a risk against Android devices on the planet need patching and media centres – may never be patched.
the safe, secure and private use of the against the exploit, and given how platform As such, it’s worth considering several
internet. Online messaging, online shopping fragmentation is still an issue, this will take short-term solutions. These include
and social networking are at risk. Online some work to fix. switching to Ethernet wherever possible,
banking and other financial transactions On the matter of Linux, Vanhoef explains: and if in public, using your phone’s tethering
are open to intrusion. By breaking the “[The] attack is especially catastrophic feature. Using a VPN will also prevent a
encryption, an attacker will have their own against version 2.4 and above of wpa_ successful KRACK attack. Meanwhile,
digital panopticon, able to observe (and copy) supplicant, a Wi-Fi client commonly used on if you’re using IoT devices, check with
the important credentials (and other details) Linux. Here, the client will install an all-zero the manufacturer for a patch. If none is
of every online transaction. Indeed, KRACK encryption key instead of reinstalling the real forthcoming, avoid using the device until a
is an excellent argument against giving key […]. This makes it trivial to intercept and patch is issued.
66
dIstro FEED
Top 10
(Average hits per day, month to 20 October 2017)
1. Mint 2596
2. Debian 1924
3. Manjaro 1686
4. Ubuntu 1372
5. Antergos 1343
6. openSUSE 964
7. Fedora 938
8. Solus 920
9. elementary 797
Hardware 10. Zorin 786
Intel Management Engine This month
disabled, Librem hits target ■ Stable releases (17)
■ In development (3)
Ubuntu 17.10 is doing
Purism takes aim at mobile big guns and
well, with word-of-
mouth contributing to
continues to enhance laptop security Ubuntu’s best showing
in a long time. Mint
remains dominant, but
a busy month for Purism saw the developer low-level software, advance GNU/Linux for a for how long?
Highlights
of open hardware for security--conscious 5-inch touch-only interface, and commence
users defeat the Intel Management engine testing and developing of the KDE/Plasma
(Me). For the past decade, researchers have and GNOME/GTK+ middleware. By early
Ubuntu 17.10
been attempting to bypass or break the ME, 2018, developer kits should be ready, with
The long-awaited return of Ubuntu, thanks
which ships in Intel-based laptops as part of the phone itself ready by late 2018.
to the release of the GNOME-ready 17.10,
Intel AMT (Active Management Technology). There’s a lot to get through, but Weaver
has shocked few. What has surprised is how simple
This secondary CPU can be used to control reassures us it doesn’t end there. “Then the Unity-like, GNOME 3-based desktop is to use.
a PC even when switched off, and is seen we get into the growth stage for the phone, Could Ubuntu be top by Christmas?
by many as an unnecessary security risk. that mirrors what we are already doing on Linux Mint
Purism’s Youness Alaoui says: “Removing the Librem laptops, primarily inventory,
Sitting atop the table, looking down at the
the management engine entirely is the next incremental hardware improvements, competition, Mint is probably unassailable.
step beyond just disabling it. Coreboot also software releases, enterprise sales and Even if Ubuntu does somehow regain the top spot,
includes another binary, the Intel FSP, a support.” With additional partnerships Mint will probably reclaim it soon after.
less worrisome but still important binary to for VPN, maps, carriers and more set to antergos
liberate, incorporating a free vBIOS is another continue, perhaps the most surprising Another distro relying on GNOME 3,
step Purism plans to take.” prospect for Librem 5 is planned for 2019. Antergos has held position in the top 10
In the meantime, Purism has released an “Since there are no ethical phone devices list for over 12 months, building up a following and
update for existing devices to disable the ME. on the market we [have] a long-term strategy expanding its community. Worth a look!
But what of Purism’s Librem 5 Linux- of incrementing the product from secure
based phone? Speaking exclusively communication device with browser […] to
to LU&d, founder and CEO of Purism, Android/iOS replacement device thereafter.” Latest distros
Todd Weaver, explained that they would Weaver makes clear that “the long-term available:
“begin development and manufacturing. disruption of the market by creating a
Incrementing through the next 12 months,” credible, ethical, user-controlled phone” is filesilo.co.uk
the firm intends to hire key developers for very much the aim here.
wwwwwwwww...llliiinnnuuuxxxuuussseeerrr...cccooo...uuukkk 777
OpenSource Your source of Linux news & views
LIceNsING
Developer enforces copyright in GPL
and secures millions of euros
Documentation updated for future versions of Linux
It seems that the GPL has a loophole. Patrick is an accusation that he violates one
Ambiguities in the GNU Public License 2.0 specific Principle: prioritising financial gain
have resulted in a developer with slight over compliance.”
contributions to GPL-licensed software In what will probably be remembered as
winning multiple copyright enforcement an example of copyright trolling, McHardy
lawsuits. The result: a few million euros in took advantage of German law to mount
his pocket. his claims. Despite pulling millions of euros
Patrick McHardy was once involved in payments over the course of four years,
with Netfilter, a networking project that however, he is believed to have contributed
adds various networking benefits to less than 0.25% of code in the kernel,
Linux (such as NAT). However, in 2016 according to lawyer Heather Meeker (writing
McHardy was suspended from his role at opensource.com).
for “consistent allegations from various All of this has resulted in the “Linux
trusted sources” concerning “the style of Kernel Community Enforcement
Statement” which will be included in
Despite making millions of
future Linux documentation. Penned
euros, he is believed to have by Linux kernel maintainer Greg Kroah-
Hartman and others, the statement aims
contributed less than 0.25%
to restore confidence, and “adopts the
0
of code in the kernel same termination provisions we are all A 3.
familiar with from GPL-3.0 as an Additional Y-S
B
his licence enforcement activities on parts Permission, giving companies confidence C
C
of the […] software he wrote.” Later, the that they will have time to come into
Software Freedom Conservancy noted that compliance if a failure is identified.” above Linux kernel maintainer, Greg Kroah–
Hartman and others have been forced to pen an
“the most common criticism that we hear Time will tell if this is enough to deter ‘enforcement statement’ to give companies time to
from those who have been approached by copyright copycats. rectify non-compliance with the kernel’s licence.
LINUX
desktop Linux market share stats baffle advocates
‘Dramatic rise’ in Linux usage due to statistical inaccuracy
the way in which researchers monitor So, how did the error occur? At this point, arrival of Linux-like Chrome OS. While we can
market share was called into question it’s difficult to be sure. NetMarketShare be hopeful of Linux one day overcoming the
this month following the announcement conducts research by sampling data from proprietary platforms, it’s worth considering
that Linux had jumped to a 6.91% 40,000 websites globally. The consensus is that these statistic services are using data
portion of the market. The news, based that NetMarketShare bundles Linux figures from online sources, collated from USER_
on figures from website NetMarketShare, alongside those collected from Chromebooks AGENT information from visiting browsers. As
was unfortunately inaccurate. and other Chrome OS devices. This can many Linux devices never go online (such as
While Linux use is certainly increasing (the be compared with the data collated by a sizable chunk of the 13 million Raspberry
share has doubled from 1.57% in October StatCounter, which displays Chrome OS as Pis), figures counted from website visits can
2015 to a peak of 3.37% in August 2017), the 0.84% and Linux as 1.66%. Clearly the total never be accurate.
initial 6.91% figure would have represented differs, but not enough to end the discussion. Want to help bring Linux to a wider
a stunning rise. It would also have meant a Sadly, Linux’s growth continues to be slow, audience? Install it for friends and family and
bigger share of the market than macOS! despite the maturity of many distros and the let them see just how great it is.
8
opinion
The concept of applying collective
responsibility to open source risk
We can’t eliminate the risks of increasingly complex software,
but Mel Llaguno thinks we need a smarter approach
ll software has bugs. This applies to widely As the result of Heartbleed, the Linux Foundation’s
A
used open source software (oSS) like the Core Infrastructure Project in 2015 attempted to model
Linux kernel, Apache httpd, or openSSL. maturity with its Census Project. Criteria such as the
And while we know how transformative number of CVEs (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures)
collective collaboration can be when developing associated with a project as well as contributor count,
software, we rarely talk about the risks associated with popularity, programming language and network exposure,
the consumption of OSS. We’ve already proven that the are used in conjunction with package information such
quality of OSS is on a par if not better than commercially as transitive dependencies, patches and crash statistics.
developed software in regard to defects per lines of code, This information was applied to a core Debian image. Mel Llaguno
but this has not reduced the impact to the users who High scores were not indicative of security vulnerabilities is the open source
solution manager for
consume and rely on the OSS the community produces. or measures of quality, but reflected projects which were
Synopsys SIG
Why? The increasing complexity of the software we in need of attention.
develop and the fact that programming is a largely These metrics however constitute a starting point. In
human endeavour guarantee imperfection. These addition to enumerating what is known about a project,
combined refute one of the core tenets which underlie maturity should consider the unknowns – weaknesses or
the perception of improved quality of OSS – that “given unspecified/aberrant behaviour. Tools such as Software
enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow” (Linus’s Law). The Composition Analysis (to track a package’s dependencies)
problem with this is the assumption that code which is Static Analysis (to identify actionable software quality
widely accessible will be audited more rigorously as the defects which may be vectors for exploitation), Fuzzing
developer community around the project expands. This
is not the case. In fact, recent vulnerabilities highlighted Risk is inherent regardless of the
in widely publicised disclosures, such as Heartbleed
and Shellshock, reveal that while the code in these OSS overall quality of the software
projects can be reviewed and audited, these measures
are not sufficient to prevent these types of bugs.
We can make the argument that more testing is (to test for the failure in the face of malformed and
required, but even when there is sufficient test coverage unexpected inputs), and Test Coverage (to measure the
within a project, as Edgar Dijkstra pointed out – “Testing scope of automated tests) can be applied to projects
shows the presence, not the absence of bugs.” to broaden our view of a project’s maturity profile. The
What this means is that risk is inherent regardless of challenge is to apply these tools not at a point in time, but
the overall quality of the software and the development continuously as the project matures.
practice of individual projects. By quality, we mean the What the application of maturity modelling with an
perceived security, robustness, and functional safety of automated software quality toolchain provides is the
the software. This is problematic because the things we ability to measure the risk associated with individual OSS
collectively rely upon now also put us at risk. Today, OSS projects. In turn, this information can help developers
as a paradigm for innovation is pervasive and ubiquitous. prioritise issues which may have potentially widespread
While there is a greater scope for collective benefit, it impact on a project’s users. The goal is not to completely
also broadens the impact for harm. eliminate risk (which is impossible), but to potentially
Given this breadth of exposure, how can we improve reduce exposure through the improvement of a project’s
the state of OSS security? We have many tools available, overall quality.
but their application is inconsistent. What is needed This is only possible if the community as a whole
is a maturity modelling framework which provides accepts this collective responsibility. It is not enough
transparent objective measures of a project’s health to simply identify projects at risk; it requires developer
coupled with the application of software quality tools. engagement to address the discovered issues.
www.linuxuser.co.uk 9
OpenSource Your source of Linux news & views
Comment
Your letters
Questions and opinions about the mag, Linux and open source
it’s safer to use TLP, a power management utility that
we’ve covered in this issue, Head to p38 for some tips
on power management for laptops generally, but we
also focus on installing and enabling TLP (most Debian-
based distros will have it available in their repositories
through the usual sudo apt install tlp). TLP has a
default configuration that provides optimised power-
saving out of the box, which helps to manage your
laptop’s temperature and power usage. For many users
it stops fans spinning up unnecessarily and saves a lot of
battery life.
More involved hardware solutions are replacing the
thermal paste used for the CPU and GPU, as most laptop
manufacturers use the cheap stuff and it tends to lose its
thermal conductivity. We’d also suggest cleaning out the
inside of your laptop with some compressed air, but since
you have a new Zenbook, it’s probably not necessary.
Canonical
conspiracy?
Above We mention it take off Dear LU&D,
in the tutorial, see p38, I was sad and not a little angry when Canonical decided
but there’s a graphical
Dear LU&D, Help! My Asus Zenbook laptop has a habit to drop Unity after all these years. They were so close!
front-end for TLP, which
makes it a little easier to of spinning up like a helicopter. I feel that one day that it Why did they do it? Do you think that this is just a ploy?
use (https://github.com/ may lift off and take flight through the nearest window! Is Canonical abandoning Ubuntu altogether?
d4nj1/tLPUI)
I installed the Ubuntu 17.04 operating system on this Dustin Phelps
laptop a few months ago and I’ve changed some things
in the System Settings. However, I need to try something Chris: This a surprisingly common misconception
else as my laptop is now scaring my dog. that I see on forums and Twitter. I’m not sure why this
Dave Smith is – it may simply amount to an unfortunate distrust
of Canonical from past experiences – but I don’t see a
Chris: Sounds like your fans are having a wild time. logical reason for Canonical to drop Ubuntu. Certainly,
Get In
First off, you could try checking the temperature of your if it did decide to shutter the desktop team, the thriving
toUCh!
system by using lm-sensors. If you type sensors into community around the distro would pick it up instantly.
Got something to the Terminal, you should get results from any sensors Remember, that community has vastly expanded now
tell us or a burning you have. For instance, it spotted the temperature with GNOME. But fret not, it’s not going to disappear.
question you of the graphics card through the PCI adaptor. If, for Canonical’s decision is motivated by a pragmatic focus on
need answered? some reason, your sensors aren’t detected, use sudo outside investment and an IPO in a few years’ time and
Email us on sensors-detect to access them and sudo service GNOME makes supporting a desktop OS, which informs
linuxuser@ kmod start to add the modules to the kernel. You some of the server ISO as well, much less of a headache.
futurenet.com could go on to install fancontrol, which will enable you With GNOME, Canonical has the ability to post upstream
to set min and max temperatures for your fan, but to help improve the core technologies that are important
10