Table Of Content

Introduction i LINUX COMPLETE Command Reference Compiled by J. Purcell Red Hat Software, Inc. 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46290 For more information on the Linux operating system and Red Hat Software, Inc., check http://www.redhat.com. gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3 COPYRIGHT © 1997 BY RED HAT SOFTWARE, INC. Acquisitions Editor FIRST EDITION Grace M. Buechlein All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval Development Editor system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Brian Proffitt recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No Software Development Specialist patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained Jack Belbot herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Production Editor Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the Kitty Wilson Jarrett information contained herein. For information, address Sams Publishing, 201 Kate Shoup Welsh W. 103rd St., Indianapolis, IN 46290. Copy Editors International Standard Book Number: 0-672-31104-6 Kimberly K. Hannel Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-66202 Carolyn Linn Kristine Simmons 2000 99 98 97 4 3 2 1 Indexer Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the Christine L. Nelsen year of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the book’s printing. For example, a printing code of 97-1 shows that the first printing of the Technical Reviewer book occurred in 1997. Bill Ball Composed in AGaramond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer Publishing Editorial Coordinators Mandie Rowell Printed in the United States of America Katie Wise TRADEMARKS Technical Edit Coordinator All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service Lynette Quinn marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded Editorial Assistants as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Carol Ackerman Andi Richter Rhonda Tinch-Mize Karen Williams President Richard K. Swadley Cover Designer Publisher and Director of Acquisitions Jordan Gold Karen Ruggles Director of Product Development Dean Miller Book Designer Managing Editor Kitty Wilson Jarrett Ann Jones Indexing Manager Johnna L. VanHoose Copy Writer Director of Marketing Kelli S. Spencer David Reichwein Associate Product Marketing Manager Jennifer Pock Production Team Supervisor Marketing Coordinator Linda Beckwith Beth Lewis Production Team Erin Danielson, Bryan Flores, DiMonique Ford, Julie Geeting, Kay Hoskin, Christy M. Lemasters, Tony McDonald, Darlena Murray, Julie Searls, Sossity Smith Overview Part I User Commands 2 Part II System Calls 738 Part III Library Functions 892 Part IV Special Files 1064 Part V File Formats 1104 Part VI Games 1210 Part VII Miscellaneous 1214 Part VIII Administration and Privileged Commands 1258 Part IX Kernel Reference Guide 1424 Index Linux Complete Command Reference iv Part I User Commands Introduction .........................................................................................................2 addftinfo...............................................................................................................2 afmtodit................................................................................................................2 ansi2knr................................................................................................................4 anytopnm.............................................................................................................4 appres ...................................................................................................................5 ar ..........................................................................................................................5 arch.......................................................................................................................8 GNU as................................................................................................................8 asciitopgm...........................................................................................................10 atktopbm............................................................................................................10 bash....................................................................................................................11 bdftopcf..............................................................................................................47 beforelight...........................................................................................................47 biff......................................................................................................................48 bioradtopgm.......................................................................................................48 bitmap, bmtoa, atobm ........................................................................................49 bmptoppm..........................................................................................................57 brushtopbm........................................................................................................57 cal.......................................................................................................................58 cat.......................................................................................................................58 chattr..................................................................................................................59 chfn....................................................................................................................60 chgrp...................................................................................................................61 chkdupexe...........................................................................................................61 chmod.................................................................................................................61 chown.................................................................................................................62 chsh....................................................................................................................63 ci.........................................................................................................................64 cidentd................................................................................................................69 cksum.................................................................................................................70 clear....................................................................................................................70 cmuwmtopbm ....................................................................................................71 co........................................................................................................................71 col.......................................................................................................................76 colcrt...................................................................................................................77 colrm..................................................................................................................77 column................................................................................................................78 comm..................................................................................................................78 gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3 Introduction v convdate..............................................................................................................79 cp........................................................................................................................80 cccp, cpp.............................................................................................................81 crontab................................................................................................................84 csplit...................................................................................................................85 ctags....................................................................................................................87 cu........................................................................................................................88 cut ......................................................................................................................90 cvs.......................................................................................................................91 date...................................................................................................................106 dd.....................................................................................................................108 depmod, modprobe...........................................................................................109 df......................................................................................................................112 dig ....................................................................................................................113 dnsquery...........................................................................................................117 domainname.....................................................................................................119 dsplit.................................................................................................................119 du.....................................................................................................................120 editres...............................................................................................................121 elvis, ex, vi, view, input.....................................................................................126 elvprsv...............................................................................................................128 elvrec.................................................................................................................129 emacs................................................................................................................130 emacstool..........................................................................................................134 etags..................................................................................................................135 expand..............................................................................................................137 find...................................................................................................................137 fitstopnm..........................................................................................................142 fmt....................................................................................................................143 fold...................................................................................................................143 free....................................................................................................................144 fsinfo.................................................................................................................145 fslsfonts.............................................................................................................145 fstobdf...............................................................................................................146 fstopgm.............................................................................................................147 ftp.....................................................................................................................147 fuser..................................................................................................................154 g++....................................................................................................................155 g3topbm...........................................................................................................160 gawk .................................................................................................................161 gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3 Linux Complete Command Reference vi gcal...................................................................................................................173 gcc, g++.............................................................................................................174 gemtopbm ........................................................................................................201 geqn..................................................................................................................202 getlist................................................................................................................206 getopt................................................................................................................207 giftopnm...........................................................................................................208 gindxbib............................................................................................................209 glookbib............................................................................................................210 gnroff................................................................................................................210 gouldtoppm......................................................................................................211 gpic...................................................................................................................211 gprof.................................................................................................................216 grefer.................................................................................................................217 grep, egrep, fgrep ..............................................................................................224 grephistory........................................................................................................226 grodvi ...............................................................................................................227 groff..................................................................................................................228 grog ..................................................................................................................230 grops.................................................................................................................230 grotty................................................................................................................235 gsoelim..............................................................................................................236 gtbl...................................................................................................................236 gtroff.................................................................................................................237 gzip, gunzip, zcatgzip, gunzip, zcat....................................................................248 gzexe.................................................................................................................252 head..................................................................................................................253 hexdump...........................................................................................................254 hipstopgm.........................................................................................................256 host...................................................................................................................257 hostid................................................................................................................258 hostname ..........................................................................................................259 hpcdtoppm v0.3................................................................................................260 httpd.................................................................................................................261 icontopbm........................................................................................................262 ident.................................................................................................................262 ilbmtoppm........................................................................................................263 imake................................................................................................................264 imgtoppm.........................................................................................................267 inews.................................................................................................................267 info...................................................................................................................269 innconfval.........................................................................................................270 insmod..............................................................................................................271 install................................................................................................................272 installit..............................................................................................................273 gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3 Introduction vii ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin.........................274 join...................................................................................................................282 kill ....................................................................................................................283 killall.................................................................................................................284 ksyms................................................................................................................284 last....................................................................................................................285 lbxproxy............................................................................................................286 ld......................................................................................................................287 lispmtopgm.......................................................................................................292 lkbib .................................................................................................................292 ln......................................................................................................................293 lndir..................................................................................................................294 locate ................................................................................................................295 logger................................................................................................................295 login..................................................................................................................296 look...................................................................................................................297 lpq....................................................................................................................298 lpr.....................................................................................................................299 lprm..................................................................................................................301 lptest.................................................................................................................302 ls, dir, vdir.........................................................................................................303 lsattr..................................................................................................................304 lsmod................................................................................................................305 lynx...................................................................................................................306 macptopbm.......................................................................................................309 make.................................................................................................................310 makedepend......................................................................................................312 makestrs............................................................................................................314 mattrib..............................................................................................................315 mbadblocks.......................................................................................................316 mcd...................................................................................................................316 mcookie............................................................................................................317 mcopy...............................................................................................................317 md5sum............................................................................................................318 mdel..................................................................................................................318 mdeltree............................................................................................................319 mdir..................................................................................................................319 merge................................................................................................................320 mesg..................................................................................................................321 mformat............................................................................................................321 mgrtopbm.........................................................................................................322 mkdir................................................................................................................323 mkdirhier..........................................................................................................323 mkfifo...............................................................................................................323 mkmanifest.......................................................................................................324 gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3 Linux Complete Command Reference viii mknod..............................................................................................................325 mlabel...............................................................................................................325 mmd.................................................................................................................326 mmount............................................................................................................326 mmove..............................................................................................................327 more.................................................................................................................327 mrd...................................................................................................................329 mread................................................................................................................329 mren.................................................................................................................329 mtest.................................................................................................................330 mtools...............................................................................................................330 mtvtoppm.........................................................................................................333 mtype................................................................................................................333 mv ....................................................................................................................334 mwrite ..............................................................................................................335 namei................................................................................................................335 newaliases..........................................................................................................336 newgrp..............................................................................................................336 nl......................................................................................................................337 nlmconv............................................................................................................338 nm....................................................................................................................339 nntpget.............................................................................................................340 objcopy.............................................................................................................341 objdump...........................................................................................................342 oclock...............................................................................................................344 od .....................................................................................................................345 passwd ..............................................................................................................346 paste..................................................................................................................347 pbmclean..........................................................................................................348 pbmfilters..........................................................................................................348 pbmlife .............................................................................................................352 pbmmake..........................................................................................................353 pbmmask..........................................................................................................353 pbmpscale.........................................................................................................354 pbmreduce........................................................................................................355 pbmtext ............................................................................................................355 pbmto10x.........................................................................................................356 pbmto4425.......................................................................................................357 pbmtoascii ........................................................................................................357 pbmtoatk..........................................................................................................358 pbmtobg...........................................................................................................358 pbmtocmuwm ..................................................................................................358 pbmtoepsi.........................................................................................................359 pbmtoepson......................................................................................................359 pbmtog3...........................................................................................................360 gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3 Introduction ix pbmtogem ........................................................................................................360 pbmtogo...........................................................................................................360 pbmtoicon ........................................................................................................361 pbmtolj.............................................................................................................361 pbmtoln03........................................................................................................362 pbmtolps...........................................................................................................362 pbmtomacp.......................................................................................................363 pbmtomgr.........................................................................................................363 pbmtopgm........................................................................................................364 pbmtopi3..........................................................................................................364 pbmtopk...........................................................................................................364 pbmtoplot.........................................................................................................365 pbmtoptx..........................................................................................................366 pbmtox10bm....................................................................................................366 pbmtoxbm........................................................................................................367 pgmtoybm........................................................................................................367 pbmtozinc.........................................................................................................367 pbmupc ............................................................................................................368 pcxtoppm..........................................................................................................368 pfbtops..............................................................................................................369 pgmbentley.......................................................................................................369 pgmcrater..........................................................................................................370 pgmedge ...........................................................................................................371 pgmenhance......................................................................................................371 pgmhist.............................................................................................................372 pgmkernel.........................................................................................................372 pgmnoise ..........................................................................................................373 pgmnorm..........................................................................................................373 pgmoil ..............................................................................................................374 pgmramp..........................................................................................................374 pgmtexture........................................................................................................375 pgmtofs.............................................................................................................376 pgmtolispm.......................................................................................................376 pgmtopbm........................................................................................................377 pgmtoppm........................................................................................................378 pi1toppm..........................................................................................................378 pi3topbm..........................................................................................................379 picttoppm.........................................................................................................379 pjtoppm............................................................................................................381 pktopbm...........................................................................................................381 pnmalias............................................................................................................381 pnmarith...........................................................................................................382 pnmcat..............................................................................................................383 pnmcomp .........................................................................................................383 pnmconvol........................................................................................................384 gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3 Linux Complete Command Reference x pnmcrop...........................................................................................................385 pnmcut.............................................................................................................385 pnmdepth.........................................................................................................385 pnmenlarge.......................................................................................................386 pnmfile.............................................................................................................386 pnmflip.............................................................................................................387 pnmgamma.......................................................................................................387 pnmhistmap......................................................................................................388 pnmindex..........................................................................................................388 pnminvert.........................................................................................................389 pnmmargin.......................................................................................................389 pnmnlfilt...........................................................................................................390 pnmnoraw ........................................................................................................391 pnmpad ............................................................................................................392 pnmpaste..........................................................................................................392 pnmrotate.........................................................................................................393 pnmscale...........................................................................................................393 pnmshear..........................................................................................................394 pnmsmooth ......................................................................................................395 pnmtile.............................................................................................................395 pnmtoddif.........................................................................................................396 pnmtofits..........................................................................................................396 pnmtops............................................................................................................397 pnmtorast.........................................................................................................398 pnmtosgi...........................................................................................................398 pnmtosir...........................................................................................................399 pnmtotiff..........................................................................................................399 pnmtoxwd ........................................................................................................400 ppm3d..............................................................................................................400 ppmbrighten.....................................................................................................401 ppmchange.......................................................................................................401 ppmdim............................................................................................................402 ppmdist.............................................................................................................402 ppmdither.........................................................................................................403 ppmflash...........................................................................................................404 ppmforge ..........................................................................................................404 ppmhist.............................................................................................................408 ppmmake..........................................................................................................408 ppmmix............................................................................................................408 ppmnorm..........................................................................................................409 ppmntsc............................................................................................................409 ppmpat.............................................................................................................410 ppmquant.........................................................................................................411 ppmquantall......................................................................................................412 ppmqvga...........................................................................................................412 gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

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Linux Complete Command Reference PDF

1527 Pages·1997·10.139 MB·English
by  John Purcell
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