Linguistics: An Introduction PDF
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This page intentionally left blank Linguistics Writtenbyateambasedatoneoftheworld’sleadingcentresforlinguistic teachingandresearch,thesecondeditionofthishighlysuccessfultextbook offersaunifiedapproachtolanguage,viewedfromarangeofperspectives essentialforstudents’understandingofthesubject.Alanguageisacom- plexstructurerepresentedinthemindsofitsspeakers,andthistextbook providesthetoolsnecessaryforunderstandingthisstructure.Usingclear explanationsthroughout,thebookisdividedintothreemainparts:sounds, words and sentences. In each, the foundational concepts are introduced, along with their application to the fields of child language acquisition, psycholinguistics,languagedisordersandsociolinguistics,givingthebook auniqueyetsimplestructurethathelpsstudentstoengagewiththesubject more easily than other textbooks on the market. This edition includes a completely new section on sentence use, including an introduction and discussion of core areas of pragmatics and conversational analysis; new coverageofsociolinguistictopics,introducingcommunitiesofpractice;a newsubsectionintroducingthestudenttoOptimalityTheory;awealthof newexercisematerialandupdatedfurtherreading. andrew radford, martin atkinson, david britain, harald clahsenandandrewspencerallteachintheDepartmentofLanguage andLinguisticsattheUniversityofEssex. Linguistics An Introduction SECOND EDITION ANDREW RADFORD MARTIN ATKINSON DAVID BRITAIN HARALD CLAHSEN and ANDREW SPENCER UniversityofEssex CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521849487 © Andrew Radford, Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen and Andrew Spencer 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-47924-3 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-84948-7 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-61478-8 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of illustrations page x Listoftables xii Prefacetothesecondedition xiii Anoteforcourseorganisersandclassteachers xiv Introduction 1 Linguistics 2 Developmentallinguistics 6 Psycholinguistics 9 Neurolinguistics 11 Sociolinguistics 14 Exercises 17 Furtherreadingandreferences 21 PartI Sounds 23 1 Introduction 25 2 Soundsandsuprasegmentals 27 Consonants 28 Vowels 36 Suprasegmentals 41 Exercises 44 3 Soundvariation 47 Linguisticvariablesandsociologicalvariables 47 Stylisticvariation 53 Linguisticallydeterminedvariation 54 Variationandlanguagechange 56 Exercises 59 4 Soundchange 61 Consonantchange 61 Vowelchange 64 Thetransitionproblem:regularsoundchangeversuslexical diffusion 67 Suprasegmentalchange 70 Exercises 72 v vi Contents 5 Phonemes,syllablesandphonologicalprocesses 75 Phonemes 75 Syllables 78 SyllabificationandtheMaximalOnsetPrinciple 81 Phonologicalprocesses 82 Phonologicalfeatures 85 Featuresandprocesses 86 Constraintsinphonology 90 Exercises 92 6 Childphonology 96 Earlyachievements 96 Phonologicalprocessesinacquisition 97 Perception,productionandadual-lexiconmodel 100 Exercises 106 7 Processingsounds 109 Speechperception 109 Speechproduction 113 Otheraspectsofphonologicalprocessing 117 Exercises 120 Furtherreadingandreferences 122 PartII Words 125 8 Introduction 127 9 Wordclasses 129 Lexicalcategories 129 Functionalcategories 132 ThemorphologicalpropertiesofEnglishverbs 135 Exercises 138 10 Buildingwords 140 Morphemes 140 Morphologicalprocesses–derivationandinflection 143 Compounds 148 Clitics 150 Allomorphy 151 Exercises 153 11 Morphologyacrosslanguages 156 Theagglutinativeideal 156 Typesofmorphologicaloperations 162 Exercises 165 Contents vii 12 Wordmeaning 170 Entailmentandhyponymy 170 Meaningopposites 175 Semanticfeatures 176 Dictionariesandprototypes 180 Exercises 182 13 Childrenandwords 186 Earlywords–afewfacts 186 Apprenticesinmorphology 188 Thesemanticsignificanceofearlywords 192 Exercises 196 14 Lexicalprocessingandthementallexicon 199 Serial-autonomousversusparallel-interactiveprocessing models 199 Ontherepresentationofwordsinthementallexicon 204 Exercises 211 15 Lexicaldisorders 213 Wordsandmorphemesinaphasia 214 Agrammatism 215 Paraphasias 217 DissociationsinSLIsubjects’inflectionalsystems 219 Exercises 221 16 Lexicalvariationandchange 224 Borrowingwords 224 Register:wordsforbrainsurgeonsandsoccerplayers, hairdressersandlifesavers 226 Biscuitorcookie?Variationandchangeinwordchoice 226 Sameword–newmeaning 228 Variationandchangeinmorphology 233 Exercises 238 Furtherreadingandreferences 242 PartIII Sentences 244 17 Introduction 245 18 Basicterminology 247 Categoriesandfunctions 247 Complexsentences 250 Thefunctionsofclauses 253 Exercises 254 viii Contents 19 Sentencestructure 257 Merger 257 Testsforconstituency 263 Agreement,caseassignmentandselection 264 Exercises 268 20 Emptycategories 271 EmptyTconstituent 271 PRO:theemptysubjectofinfinitiveclauses 276 Covertcomplements 278 Emptycomplementisers 278 Emptydeterminers 283 Exercises 287 21 Movement 293 Headmovement 293 Operatormovement 297 Yes–noquestions 302 Othertypesofmovement 304 Exercises 307 22 Syntacticvariation 311 InversioninvarietiesofEnglish 311 Syntacticparametersofvariation 314 TheNullSubjectParameter 319 ParametricdifferencesbetweenEnglishandGerman 321 Exercises 325 23 SentencemeaningsandLogicalForm 330 Preliminaries 330 Thematicroles 333 Aphilosophicaldiversion 336 CovertmovementandLogicalForm 339 Exercises 345 24 Children’ssentences 349 Settingparameters:anexample 350 NullsubjectsinearlyChildEnglish 351 Non-finiteclausesinChildEnglish 354 Children’snominals 358 Exercises 361 25 Sentenceprocessing 366 Clickstudies 367 Processingemptycategories 368 Strategiesofsentenceprocessing 370 Exercises 375
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