Linear Operation of Switch-Mode Outphasing Power Amplifiers PDF
Preview Linear Operation of Switch-Mode Outphasing Power Amplifiers
Linear Operation of Switch-Mode Outphasing Power Amplifiers Keith Finnerty A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electronic Engineering National University of Ireland, Maynooth Ireland Head of the Department: Ronan Farrell Supervisors of the Research: Ronan Farrell and John Dooley Deceleration Iherebycertifythatthisthesis,whichInowsubmitforassessmentontheprogrammeofstudy leading to the award of PhD has not been submitted, in whole or part, to this or any other Universityforanydegreeandis,exceptwhereotherwisestatedtheoriginalworkoftheauthor. Signature: January27,2016 ii Abstract Radio transceivers are playing an increasingly important role in modern society. The ”connected” lifestyle has been enabled by modern wireless communications. The demand that has been placed on current wireless and cellular infrastructure requires increased spectral efficiency however this has come at the cost of power efficiency. This work investigates methods of improving wireless transceiver efficiency by enabling more efficient power amplifier architectures, specifically examining the role of switch-mode power amplifiers in macro cell scenarios. Our research focuses on the mechanisms within outphasing power amplifiers which prevent linear amplification. From the analysis it was clear that high power non-lineareffectsarecorrectablewithcurrentlyavailabletechniqueshowevernon-lineareffects aroundthezerocrossingpointarenot. Asaresultsignalprocessingtechniquesforsuppressing andavoidingnon-linearoperationinlowpowerregionsareexplored. Anovelmethodofdigital pre-distortion is presented, and conventional techniques for linearisation are adapted for the particular needs of the outphasing power amplifier. More unconventional signal processing techniques are presented to aid linearisation of the outphasing power amplifier, both zero crossing and bandwidth expansion reduction methods are designed to avoid operation in non- linear regions of the amplifiers. In combination with digital pre-distortion the techniques will improve linearisation efforts on outphasing systems with dynamic range and bandwidth constraintsrespectively. Our collaboration with NXP provided access to a digital outphasing power amplifier, enabling empirical analysis of non-linear behaviour and comparative analysis of behavioural modelling and linearisation efforts. The collaboration resulted in a bench mark for linear wideband operation of a digital outphasing power amplifier. The complimentary linearisation techniques,bandwidthexpansionreductionandzerocrossingreductionhavebeenevaluatedin bothsimulatedandpracticaloutphasingtestbenches. Initialresultsarepromisingandindicate thatthebenefitstheyprovidearenotlimitedtotheoutphasingamplifierarchitecturealone. Overall this thesis presents innovative analysis of the distortion mechanisms of the outphasingpoweramplifier,highlightingthesensitivityofthesystemtoenvironmentaleffects. Practicalandnovellinearisationtechniquesarepresented,withafocusonenablingwideband operationformoderncommunicationsstandards. iii Acknowledgements IwouldliketotakethistimetothankDr. RonanFarrellforprovidingmewithopportunityto conductresearchchallengingandinterestingfield. IwouldalsoliketothankDr. RonanFarrell andDr. JohnDooleyforguidanceandadviceoverthepastcoupleofyears. NoneofthisworkwouldofoccurredwithoutthefundingprovidedbyTelecommunications GraduateInitiative,theHigherEducationAuthorityandScienceFoundationIreland,forwhich Iamextremelygrateful. I would like to thank colleagues and friends at NXP Netherlands for their contributions and guidance during our collaboration. I would also like to thank all my colleagues who I have collaborated with and thank everyone else whom I have interacted with in Maynooth University during both undergraduate and postgraduate studies. I consider myself very lucky tohaveencounteredgoodmentors,colleaguesandmostimportantlygreatfriends. FinallyIwishtothankmyparentsandbrothersfortheirconstantsupport,encouragement andpatiencethattheyhaveprovidedformyentirelife. iv List of Publications • K. Finnerty, J. Dooley, and R. Farrell, “Analytical investigation of thermal effects on outphasingpoweramplifiers,”inIrishSignalandSystemsConference2015,June2015 • K. Finnerty, R. Wesson, J. Dooley, M. Acar, M. van der Heijden, and R. Farrell, “Lin- earization of an outphasing amplifier for wide-band multi-carrier signals,” Microwave andWirelessComponentsLetters,IEEE,vol.25,pp.139–141,Feb2015 • K. Finnerty, J. Dooley, and R. Farrell, “Utilizing sparse-aware volterra for power amplifier behavioral modeling,” in 17th Research Colloquium on Communications and RadioScienceintothe21stCentury,Dublin,Ireland,March2014 • K.Finnerty,J.Dooley,andR.Farrell,“Patentapplication:Asignalprocessingstagefor anamplifier,ukapplicationno:1422097.4,”December2014 • K. Finnerty, J. Dooley, , M. Wesson, R. Acar, M. van der Heijden, and R. Farrell, “Behavioural modeling of outphasing amplification systems,” accepted for publicaion, MicrowaveTheoryandTechniques,IEEETransactionson,2015 • K. Finnerty, J. Dooley, and R. Farrell, “Fpga serdes capability as switch mode pa mod- ulator,”inIrishSignalsSystemsConference2014and2014China-IrelandInternational ConferenceonInformationandCommunicationsTechnologies(ISSC2014/CIICT2014). 25thIET,pp.118–122,June2014 • K.Finnerty,J.Dooley,andR.Farrell,“Digitalquadraturemixingoflowpasssigma-delta modulatorsforswitch-modepoweramplifiers,”inCircuitTheoryandDesign(ECCTD), 201120thEuropeanConferenceon,pp.282–285,Aug2011 • J. Dooley, B. O’Brien, K. Finnerty, and R. Farrell, “Estimation of sparse memory taps forrfpoweramplifierbehavioralmodels,”MicrowaveandWirelessComponentsLetters, IEEE,vol.25,pp.64–66,Jan2015 • K. Finnerty, J. Dooley, and R. Farrell, “Cartesian pre-distortion using a sigma delta modulator for multi-standard rf power amplifiers,” in Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC2012),IETIrish,pp.1–5,June2012 • Z.Wang,K.Finnerty,J.Dooley,andR.Farrell,“Alow-rateidentificationschemeofhigh poweramplifiers,”in17thResearchColloquiumonCommunicationsandRadioScience v intothe21stCentury,Dublin,Ireland,March2014 • J. Dooley, K. Finnerty, and R. Farrell, “Comparison of models for multiple nonlinear poweramplifiersinactiveantennaarrays,”Proceedingsofthe43rdEuropeanMicrowave Conference,2013 • S.Farsi,J.Dooley,K.Finnerty,D.Schreurs,B.Nauwelaers,andR.Farrell,“Behavioral modeling approach for array of amplifiers in active antenna array system,” in Power AmplifiersforWirelessandRadioApplications(PAWR),2013IEEETopicalConference on,pp.73–75,Jan2013 • S. Farsi, J. Dooley, K. Finnerty, D. Schreurs, B. Nauwelaers, and R. Farrell, “Cross- memorypolynomialmodelingforrfcircuits,”inMicrowaveIntegratedCircuitsConfer- ence(EuMIC),20127thEuropean,pp.262–265,Oct2012 vi List of Acronyms 2G Secondgenerationmobilecommunicationsstandard 3G Thridgenerationmobilecommunicationsstandard ACEPR AdjacentChannelErrorPowerRatio ACP AdjacentChannelPower ACPR AdjacentChannelPowerRatio ADC AnaloguetoDigitalConverter ADS AdvancedDesignSystems AM AmplitudeModulation AMPS AdvancedMobilePhoneService ANN ArtificialNeuralNetworks CDMA CodeDivisionMultipleAccess CFR CrestFactorReduction CORDIC COordinateRotationDIgitalComputer CSCD CurrentSwitchingClassD DAC DigitaltoAnalogueConverter DC DirectCurrent DPD DigitalPreDistortion DSP DigitalSignalProcessor DUT DeviceUnderTest EER EnvelopeEliminationRestoration ET EnvelopeTracking EVM ErrorVectorMagnitude vii FFT FastFourierTransform FIR FiniteImpulseResponse FPGA FieldProgrammableGateArrays FSK FrequencyShiftKeying GaN GalliumNitride GMSK GaussianMeanShiftKeying HEMT High-Electron-MobilityTransistor HSDPA HighSpeedDownlinkPacketAccess ICT InformationandCommunicationsTechnology IIR infiniteImpulseResponse IM InterModulation IQ InphaseQuadraturephase LINC LIneroperationusingNon-linearComponents LMS LeastMeanSquares LNA LowNoiseAmplifier LO LocalOscillator LS LeastSquares LTI LinearTimeInvariant LUT LookUpTable MLP Multi-LayerPerceptron MMSE MinimumMeanSquaredError MOSFET MetalOxideSemiconductorField-EffectTransistor MSE MeanSquaredError viii NMSE NormalisedMeanSquaredError NMT NordicMobileTelephone OFDM OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing OSR OverSampleRatio PA PowerAmplifier PAE PowerAddedEfficiency PAPR PeaktoAveragePowerRatio PDM PulseDensityModulation PLL PhaseLockLoop PM PhaseModulation PMPR PeaktoMinimumPowerRatio PWM PulseWidthModulation QAM QuadratureAmplitudeModulation QPSK QuadraturePhaseShiftKeying RAM RandomAccessMemory RBNN RadialBiasNeuralNetworks RF RadioFrequency RLS RecursiveLeastSquares RVTDNN RealValuedTimeDelayNeuralNetworks SCS SignalComponentSeparator SOM SelfOrganisingMaps TACS TotalAccessCommunicationsSystem TDNN TimeDelayNeuralNetworks ix
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