Linear and Nonlinear Video and TV Applications: Using IPv6 and IPv6 Multicast

417 Pages·2012·4.587 MB·English

by  Daniel Minoli(auth.)

LINEAR AND NONLINEAR
VIDEO AND TV APPLICATIONS
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR
VIDEO AND TV APPLICATIONS
Using IPv6 and IPv6 Multicast
Daniel Minoli
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Minoli, Daniel, 1952–
Linear and nonlinear video and TV applications: using IPv6 and IPv6 multicast / Daniel
Minoli.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-118-18658-9 (hardback)
1. Internet television. 2. Digital video. 3. Multicasting (Computer networks) I. Title.
TK5105.887.M58 2012
621.388'07–dc23
2011049650
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Anna
CONTENTS
Preface xi
1 Evolving Viewing Paradigms 1
1.1 Overview of the Evolving Environment 1
1.2 New Content Sources and Sinks 14
1.3 Technology Trends (Snapshot) 23
1.4 Revenue-Generation Trends 29
1.5 General Infrastructure Implications for Service Providers 29
1.6 Scope of the Investigation 36
References 37
Appendix 1A Background Statistics and Forecast 40
1A.1 2009 Viewing Habits Nielsen’s Data 40
1A.2 2011 Viewing Habits Nielsen’s Data 43
2 An Overview of IPv6 45
2.1 Overview and Motivations 45
2.2 Address Capabilities 50
2.2.1 IPv4 Addressing and Issues 50
2.2.2 IPv6 Address Space 51
2.3 IPv6 Protocol Overview 56
2.4 Header Compression Schemes 66
2.5 Quality of Service (QoS) in IPv6 70
2.6 Migration Strategies to IPv6 71
2.6.1 Technical Approaches 71
2.6.2 Residential Broadband Services in an
IPv6 Environment 75
2.6.3 Deployment Opportunities 76
References 80
Appendix 2A IPv6 RFCs 81
3 An Overview of IP Multicast and Multicast Principles 95
3.1 Multicast Environment 95
3.2 Basic Multicast Concepts and Protocols 98
3.3 IP Multicast Addresses 103
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.4 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 107
References 114
4 IPv6 Multicast Approaches 115
4.1 Overview 115
4.2 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 116
4.3 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer Addresses Aspects 118
4.4 Signaling 119
4.5 Routing 119
4.6 Rendezvous Point (RP) Approaches 121
4.7 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) 123
4.7.1 Overview of MLDv1 123
4.7.2 Message Format 124
4.7.3 Protocol Description 126
4.7.4 State Transition for Nodes 128
4.7.5 State Transition for Routers 130
4.7.6 Overview of MLDv2 132
4.7.7 Source Filtering 137
References 138
5 Evolving Traditional and Nontraditional TV Services 139
5.1 Basic Services 139
5.1.1 Distributed Content Service 140
5.1.2 Interactive Services 141
5.1.3 Public Interest Services 142
5.2 Advanced Services 142
5.2.1 Linear TV with Trick Mode 143
5.2.2 Personal Video Recorder (PVR) Services 143
5.2.3 Advertising Services 144
5.2.4 Audience Measurement Information 145
5.2.5 Interactive Services Requiring High Security 145
Reference 146
6 IPTV Systems and Technologies 147
6.1 Overview and Stakeholder Universe 148
6.1.1 Defi nitions 148
6.1.2 Services under Consideration 150
6.1.3 IPTV Stakeholder Universe 156
6.1.4 Market Scope 157
6.1.5 Multicast Mechanisms 159
6.2 IPTV Architectures and Architectural Requirements 160
6.3 QoE and QoS 166
6.3.1 QoE Aspects 166
6.3.2 QoS Aspects 173
CONTENTS ix
6.4 Service Security and Content Protection 176
6.5 IPTV Networks 176
6.5.1 IPTV Multicast Frameworks 183
6.5.2 Control and Signaling Aspects 186
6.5.3 Content Delivery 187
6.6 End Systems and Interoperability Aspects 188
6.6.1 IPTV Terminal Devices 188
6.6.2 Home Network 199
6.6.3 Audience Information 202
6.7 Middleware, Application, and Content Platforms 204
6.7.1 IPTV Metadata 204
6.7.2 IPTV Middleware Architecture 206
6.7.3 Content Provisioning 208
6.7.4 Service Discovery 208
6.7.5 Service Navigation 210
6.7.6 Electronic Program Guide 212
6.7.7 User Profi les 213
6.7.8 Protocol Support Machinery for Middleware,
Application, and Content Platforms 214
6.8 IPTV Standards: A Comprehensive Process 217
6.8.1 ITU-T 218
6.8.2 ATIS IPTV Interoperability Forum (IIF) 220
6.8.3 Commercial Products and Interworking 226
References 227
Appendix 6A Next-Generation Networks (NGN) and IP
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 229
6A.1 NGN 229
6A.2 IMS 230
Appendix 6B IPTV Protocols Used by IPTV
Terminal Devices 232
6B.1 Network Attachment: E9 232
6B.2 Service Discovery at Various Interface Points 234
6B.3 Service Navigation: E0 235
6B.4 Service Consumption 236
6B.5 Download Services 237
6B.6 Other Relevant Protocols 238
7 Technologies for Internet-Based TV 240
7.1 Streaming 240
7.1.1 Real-Time Transport Protocol/Real-Time Streaming
Protocol (RTP/RTSP) 243
7.1.2 Apple HTTP Live Streaming 248
7.1.3 HTTP Flash Progressive Download 252
x CONTENTS
7.2 Content Delivery Networks 252
7.3 P2P Networks 256
7.4 Cloud Computing 257
7.5 Core Internet Technologies 260
7.5.1 Very High-Capacity Backbone Networks,
Transmission 260
7.5.2 Very High-Capacity Backbone Networks,
Routing 268
7.5.3 Terrestrial Trends in Access Networks 269
7.6 Storage Technologies to Support IBTV 282
7.7 Service Provider Strategies for NTTV 294
7.7.1 Overview 294
7.7.2 Discussion 296
References 298
Appendix 7A A Perspective on the Future 299
7A.1 Global Internet Highlights 300
7A.2 Global Video Highlights 300
7A.3 Global Mobile Highlights 301
7A.4 Regional Highlights 301
8 Nontraditional Video Display and Content Sources 308
8.1 NTTV Trends 308
8.2 NTTV Display Units 309
8.3 NTTV Content Sources 311
8.3.1 Hulu 316
8.3.2 Apple 316
8.3.3 Boxee 316
8.3.4 Clicker 319
8.3.5 Revision3 Internet Television 319
8.3.6 Next New Networks 321
8.3.7 UltraViolet 321
8.3.8 Netfl ix 322
References 323
Glossary 324
Index 390
About the Author 407
PREFACE
Today anyone with a broadband Internet connection can see live or near -
live TV from over 2,250 channels from over 140 countries, and the list is
growing monthly. Tonight I can watch the nightly news from Luxembourg at
http://www.rtl.lu or the whole “ Doc Martin ” series on http://www.Hulu.com
from a boat marooned in the Chesapeake Bay or select from thousands of
other programming choices.
New technologies, new viewing paradigms, and new content distribution
approaches are about to take the TV/video services industry by storm. Five
emerging trends related to the next - generation delivery of entertainment -
quality video are observable, which can be capitalized upon by progressive
service providers, telcos, cable operators, and ISPs. These trends are: (1) the
(gradual) worldwide deployment of IP Version 6 (IPv6); (2) the (gradual)
deployment of streaming and IPTV services; (3) the gradual migration of
consumer viewing habits from watching linear (real - time) programming to
nonlinear (on -d emand/stored/time - shifted) programming (whether from a
local or networked Digital Video Recorder [DVR]); (4) the greater interest
and reliance on web - produced video content; and (5) the plethora of screens
upon which video can be consumed: the TV screen, the personal computer
screen, the tablet screen (Kindle/iPad, and so on), game consoles, and the cell/
smartphone screen.
Indeed, in the developed world, at the consumer end, not only do the viewers
have a variety of output devices to display video content, but also their viewing
habits are changing. Nielsen found that time shifting usage with DVRs (also
called “ nonlinear viewing ” or “ Television On - Demand ” by some) was up 40
percent year - over - year in recent years, with U.S. consumers playing back more
than 8 hours per month (against a total TV screen - based viewing of 153 hours a
month). The term “ TiVo it ” has entered the vocabulary just like the term “ google
it. ” Online video watching is beginning to grow as consumers upgrade their PCs
to support increased video handling and as broadband connectivity to homes
becomes more pervasive. In 2009 in the United States, home consumers enjoyed
over 29 hours per month of Internet - based video. Nielsen also found that mobile
video viewing has grown at a rate of over 50% per year in recent years. A transi-
tion from broadcast to multicast, and even to low - density narrowcast — these last
two either in linear or time - shifted/on - demand — is afoot.
Over the next few years, these changes are expected to have tidal impacts
on the infrastructure used to deliver content, from broadcast TV to IP - based
networks operating over fi ber, to satellite delivery, to 3G/4G wireless networks,
xi
xii PREFACE
to server - based, on - demand content distribution systems. Major sectors of the
video distribution industry worry if the greater reliance on DVRs and Internet -
based video streaming by consumers means an erosion or shifting of advertise-
ment revenues. Infrastructure providers need to be keenly aware of the impact
that these evolving viewer paradigms will have on their networks and even
their revenue stream. An understanding of where the technology is going may
empower providers to position themselves, in fact, to take advantage of these
new trends.
This book is aimed at exploring these evolving trends and offering practical
suggestions for how these technologies can be implemented in the service
provider networks to support cost - effective delivery of entertainment, espe-
cially considering the shifts in viewing habits, and suggestions for how new
revenue - generating services can be brought to the market. Chapter 1 discusses
some of the evolving video consumption habits and the possible network
implications. The chapters that follow cover enabling technologies. Chapter 2
provides an overview of IPv6. Chapter 3 discusses IP multicast and multicast
principles, while Chapter 4 focuses on IPv6 multicast approaches and chal-
lenges. Chapter 5 describes evolving video services that are of interest to
consumers, especially for service - provider environments. Chapter 6 is an over-
view of IPTV, which is considered to be the platform of choice for service
provider– based, packetized video delivery, although it is not the only platform
for IP - based video delivery. Chapter 7 looks indeed at the other platforms,
such as streaming, Content Delivery Networks, Peer - to - Peer systems, cloud
computing, and Internet backbones and access networks. Chapter 7 also looks
at the implications of these technologies and the evolving viewing habits in
terms of the kind of network evolution that may be required to optimally
support end - of - decade video services. Finally, Chapter 8 describes some of the
new content sources. Note, however, that the examples of commercial services
and service providers identifi ed in Chapter 8 and at various points throughtout
this text are intended only to depict what we believe to be persistent technical/
usage trends. Some of these services, products, or providers may disappear;
some providers may sunset initiatives or offerings over time; yet others will
emerge. Thus, we believe that the general trends discussed here, as a whole,
will persist and prevail.
This is believed to be the fi rst book on IPv6 multicasting and/or IPv6 multi-
casting with applications to linear and nonlinear video distribution. This work
will be of interest to planners, CTOs, and engineers at broadcast TV operations,
Cable TV operations, satellite operations, Internet and ISP providers, telcos,
and wireless providers, both domestically and in the rest of the world. Also, it
will be of interest to set - top box developers, storage vendors, content develop-
ers, content distribution outfi ts, and content aggregators. This compilation is not
intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is a summary survey of generally available
materials synthesized to punctuate evolving industry trends and the need for
service providers to enhance their infrastructure and networks as required.
Daniel Minoli