Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Processing, Characterization, and Properties

587 Pages·2014·7.352 MB·English

by  Vijay Kumar Thakur

Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites
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Lignocellulosic Polymer
Composites
Processing, Characterization, and Properties
Edited by
Vijay Kumar Th akur
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-77357-4
To my parents and teachers who helped me become what I am today
Vijay Kumar Th akur

Contents
Preface xvii
Part I: LIGNOCELLULOSIC NATURAL POLYMERS BASED
COMPOSITES
1 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: A Brief Overview 3
Manju Kumari Th akur, Aswinder Kumar Rana and Vijay Kumar Th akur
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Lignocellulosic Polymers: Source, Classifi cation and Processing 4
1.3 Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers: Structure, Chemical Composition and
Properties 8
1.4 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Classifi cation and Applications 10
1.5 Conclusions 13
References 13
2 Interfacial Adhesion in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 17
E. Petinakis, L. Yu, G. Simon, X. Dai, Z. Chen and K. Dean
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 PLA-Based Wood-Flour Composites 18
2.3 Optimizing Interfacial Adhesion in Wood-Polymer Composites 20
2.3.1 Chemical Modifi cation 21
2.3.2 P hysical Modifi cation 27
2.4 Evaluation of Interfacial Properties 30
2.4.1 Microscopic Characterisation 31
2.4.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 31
2.4.1.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 32
2.4.2 Spectroscopic Techniques 33
2.4.2.1 Acoustic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) 33
2.4.3 Other Techniques 34
2.5 Conclusions 34
References 35
3 Research on Cellulose-Based Polymer Composites in Southeast Asia 41
Riza Wirawan and S.M. Sapuan
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) 44
3.3 Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) 46
vii
viii Contents
3.4 Durian (Durio Zibethinus) 49
3.5 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) 51
3.6 Summary 57
References 58
4 Hybrid Vegetable/Glass Fiber Composites 63
Sandro C. Amico, Jose R. M. d’Almeida, Laura H. de Carvalho and
Ma Odila H. Cioffi
4.1 Introduction 63
4.1.1 Th e Hybrid Concept 65
4.2 Vegetable Fiber/Glass Fiber Th ermoplastic Composites 67
4.3 Intra-Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Th ermoset Composites 69
4.4 Inter-Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Th ermoset Composites 71
4.5 Concluding Remarks 75
Acknowledgement 76
References 76
5 Flax-Based Reinforcement Requirements for Obtaining Structural and
Complex Shape Lignocellulosic Polymer Composite Parts 83
Pierre Ouagne and Damien Soulat
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Experimental Procedures 86
5.2.1 Flax Tow Testing 86
5.2.2 Flax Fabric Testing 86
5.2.2.1 Biaxial Tensile Test 87
5.2.3 Sheet Forming Device for Dry Textile Reinforcement 87
5.3 Results and Discussion 90
5.3.1 Tensile Behavior of Reinforcement Components: Flax Tow Scale 90
5.3.1.1 Flax Tow Tensile Behavior 90
5.3.1.2 Eff ect of Gauge Length on Tensile Properties 91
5.3.1.3 Evolution of Failure Behavior 91
5.3.2 Tensile Behavior of Reinforcement Components: Scale of Fabric 94
5.3.3 Global Preform Analysis 94
5.3.4 Analysis of Tensile Behavior of Tows During Forming 95
5.4 Discussions 97
5.5 Conclusions 98
References 98
6 Typical Brazilian Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers as Reinforcement of
Th ermosetting and Th ermoplastics Matrices 103
Patrícia C. Miléo, Rosineide M. Leão, Sandra M. Luz, George J. M. Rocha
and Adilson R. Gonçalves
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Experimental 105
6.2.1 Preparation of cellulose and lignin from sugarcane bagasse 106
6.2.2 Surface Treatment for Coconut Fibers 106
6.2.3 Chemical Characterization of Fibers and Lignin 106
6.2.3.1 Carbohydrates and Lignin Determination 106
6.2.3.2 Determination of Ashes Content in Lignin 107