Light & Skin Interactions: Simulations for Computer Graphics Applications

201 Pages·2010·3.33 MB·English

by  Gladimir V. G. Baranoski

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Gladimir V. G. Baranoski
Aravind Krishnaswamy
AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON
NEWYORK•OXFORD•PARIS•SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYO
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Acknowledgements
Firstandforemost,wewouldliketothankourfamiliesfortheirunconditional
supportduringthejourneythatledtothisbook.
WearealsogratefultoManuelMenezesdeOliveiraNeto,JonRokne,Steve
Cunningham,FranciscoImai, RuiBastos and MinChen fortheirconstructive
suggestions on the first draft version, and to Paulo Alencar and Tenn Francis
Chenfortheirvaluable feedback duringthelatestages ofthisproject.
One of the key tasks involved in the preparation of this book involved
the gathering of data and images to illustrate important issues related to the
simulationof lightand skininteractions.Hence, wealso wouldlike to thank
researchers and organizations that directly and indirectly contribute to this
effort.
Theproductionofthisbookwouldnotbepossiblewithoutthededication
and hard workof the Elsevier team involved inthis project,notably Gregory
Chalson, Heather Scherer and Andre Cuello. We are certainly indebted to
them.
Last, but not least, we would like to acknowledge the encouragement of
ourcolleagues fromtheNatural Phenomena SimulationGroup(University of
Waterloo)andtheVisualComputingLab(AdobeSystemsIncorporated).
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Contents
Acknowledgements.............................................................. v
Listoffigures...................................................................... xi
Nomenclature..................................................................... xix
Acronyms.......................................................................... xxiii
CHAPTER 1 Introduction............................................................ 1
CHAPTER 2 Light, optics, and appearance................................... 5
2.1 Lightas radiation................................................ 5
2.2 Opticsconcepts................................................. 8
2.3 Lightinteractionswithmatter................................. 13
2.3.1 Emission.................................................. 13
2.3.2 Scattering................................................. 15
2.3.3 Absorption ............................................... 16
2.4 Radiometricquantities ......................................... 19
2.5 Tissueopticsdefinitionsandterminology................... 20
2.6 Measurementofappearance................................... 25
2.6.1 Measuringthespectraldistributionoflight ......... 27
2.6.2 Measuringthespatialdistributionoflight ........... 29
CHAPTER 3 Image-synthesis context........................................... 33
3.1 Global lighttransport........................................... 35
3.1.1 MonteCarlo concepts.................................. 37
3.1.2 Pathtracingoverview .................................. 38
3.2 Locallighttransport............................................ 41
3.2.1 TheKubelka–Munk methods.......................... 42
3.2.2 MonteCarlo methods................................... 43
3.3 Techniquesformodelevaluation............................. 48
3.3.1 Actualandvirtualspectrophotometry................ 48
3.3.2 Actualandvirtualgoniophotometry.................. 53
3.4 Colorconversion................................................ 56
CHAPTER 4 Bio-optical propertiesof human skin......................... 61
4.1 Structuralandbiophysicalcharacteristics................... 61
4.2 Spectralsignatures.............................................. 67
4.3 Scatteringprofiles............................................... 69
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viii Contents
4.4 Interactionswithinvisible light............................... 74
4.4.1 Ultravioletdomain ...................................... 74
4.4.2 Infrareddomain ......................................... 77
4.4.3 Terahertzdomain ....................................... 79
CHAPTER 5 Simulations in health and life sciences ..................... 81
5.1 Scopeofapplications........................................... 82
5.2 Kubelka–Munktheory–based models........................ 83
5.3 Diffusiontheory–based models ............................... 86
5.4 Radiative transportmodels .................................... 89
5.5 MonteCarlo–based models.................................... 91
CHAPTER 6 Biophysically inspired approach ............................... 99
6.1 Themultiple-layerscatteringmodel..........................100
6.1.1 Overview.................................................100
6.1.2 Scatteringsimulation....................................101
6.1.3 Implementationissues..................................103
6.1.4 Strengthsandlimitations...............................104
6.1.5 Extensions................................................105
6.2 Thediscrete-ordinatemodel...................................106
6.2.1 Overview.................................................106
6.2.2 Scatteringsimulation....................................107
6.2.3 Implementationissues..................................109
6.2.4 Strengthsandlimitations...............................110
CHAPTER 7 First principlesapproach..........................................113
7.1 Overview.........................................................114
7.2 Scatteringsimulation ...........................................114
7.2.1 Surfacereflection........................................116
7.2.2 Subsurfacereflectionandtransmission...............117
7.3 Absorptionsimulation..........................................118
7.4 Implementationissues..........................................121
7.5 Strengthsandlimitations.......................................121
CHAPTER 8 Diffusion approximation approach.............................129
8.1 Overview.........................................................130
8.2 Scatteringsimulation ...........................................131
8.3 Implementationissues..........................................133
8.4 Strengthsandlimitations.......................................134
8.5 Evolutionofdiffusionapproximation–basedmodels ......136
Contents ix
CHAPTER 9 Simulation challenges .............................................141
9.1 Inputdata issues ................................................141
9.2 Modelingissues..................................................143
9.3 Evaluation issues ................................................143
9.4 Performanceissues .............................................145
CHAPTER 10 Beyond computer graphics applications.....................147
References...........................................................................149
Index.................................................................................167