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Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: A Health Risk Assessment PDF

420 Pages·1991·17.569 MB·English
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Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation A Health Risk Assessment NA TO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London o Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, and Tokyo Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 238-Physics, Geometry, and Topology edited by H. C. Lee Volume 239-Kinetics of Ordering and Growth at Surfaces edited by Max G. Lagally Volume 240-Global Climate and Ecosystem Change edited by Gordon J. MacDonald and Luigi Sertorio Volume 241-Applied Laser Spectroscopy edited by Wolfgang DemtrOder and Massimo Inguscio Volume 242-Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: A Health Risk Assessment edited by M. Grandolfo, A. Rindi, and D. H. Sliney Volume 243-Davydov's Soliton Revisited: Self-Trapping of Vibrational Energy in Protein edited by Peter L. Christiansen and Alwyn C. Scott Volume 244-Nonlinear Wave Processes in Excitable Media edited by Arun V. Holden, Mario Markus, and Hans G. Othmer Volume 245-Dlfferential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics: Physics and Geometry edited by Ling-Lie Chau and Werner Nahm Series B: Physics Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation A Health Risk Assessment Edited by M. Grandolfo National Institute of Health Rome, Italy A. Rindi Sincrotrone Trieste Trieste, Italy and D. H. Sliney u.s. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute/Ninth Course of the International School of Radiation Damage and Protection on Optical Sources, Lasers and Synchrotron Radiation: Biological Effects and Hazard Potential, held May 9-20, 1989, in Erice, Sicily, Italy Library of Congress Catslog1ng-1n-Pub11 cation Data NATO Advanced Study Institute/Ninth Course of the International School of Radiation Daaage and Protection on Optical Sources, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: Biological Effects and Hazard Potential (1989 : Erice, Italy) Light, lasers, and synchrotron radiation -. a health risk assessment / edited by M. Orandolfo, A. Rlndi, and D.H. Simey. p. en. — (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics ; v. 242) "Published 1n cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographical references and Index. ISBN 978-1-4899-0663-2 1. Light—Health aspects—Congresses. 2. Laser beans—Health aspects—Congresses. 3. Synchrotron radiation—Health aspects- -Congresses. 4. Health risk assessnent—Congresses. I. Grandolfo, M. II. R1nd1, Alessandro. III. Sllney, David H. IV. Title. V. Series. RA569.3.N38 1991 612'.01448—dc20 90-23013 CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-0663-2 ISBN 978-1-4899-0661-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0661-8 © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press New York in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher FOREWORD This volume contains the formal record of the lectures presented at the 9th Course of the International School of Radiation Damage and Protection held at the "E .Majorana" International Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice (Italy) from May 9 to May 20, 1989. This course was the last of a series of 4 courses, started in 1981, that were dedicated to the assessment of risk hazard from non-ionizing radiation. The proceedings of these courses were all published by Plenum Press with the following headings: 1) M.Grandolfo, S.M.Michaelson and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation; Radiofrequency and Microwave Energy", Plenum Press, New York, NATO ASI Series A Life Sciences, Vo1.49 (1983); 2) M.Grandolfo, S.M.Michaelson and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields", Plenum Press, New York, E.Majorana International Science Series, Life Sciences, Vol.19 (1985) ; 3) M.H.Repacholi, M.Grandolfo and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Ultrasound; medical applications, biological effects and hazard potential", Plenum Press, New York (1987). We hope that all these volumes together may represent a complete textbook and a reference for the students and scientists interested in the physics, biology, measurement and dosimetry, health effects and standard setting, in short, the risk assessment of that wide field of radiation presently classified as non-ionizing radiation. We are indebted to the Associa?ione Italiana Protezione dalle Radiazioni (AIRP), The Internat:l.onal Not! Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association (INIRC/IRPA), the Istituto Superiore di Sanita I, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, the Sincrotrc>ne Tr:f.este, and the Sicilian Regional Government for sponsoring and supporting the Course. We acknowledge with great appreciatIon the cooperation and skilled assistance of Mrs.Franca Grisanti and Mr.Giacomo Monteleone of the Physics Laboratory of the Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. We take the opportunity to thank all the lecturers and students that, by participating to the courses from all around the world, made possible this endeavor. M. Grando!fo A.Rindi D .H.S linoy v CONTENTS THE SOURCES AND THE INTERACTION WITH MATTER Fundamentals of Optical Physics.................................. 1 M. Grandolfo Characteristics of Optical Noncoherent Sources.................. 15 J. Bernhardt Lamps and Lighting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 A.F. McKinlay Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation......................... 61 E. Burattini Characteristics of Coherent Optical Sources...................... 77 F. Hillenkamp and W.J. Marshall Radiation Interactions with Matter: Some General Considerations on the Ionizing/Non-Jonf.:dng Boundary Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 M. Fabretto and A. Rindi THE DETECTION Radiometric Measurements for Broadband Optical Sources........... 121 J.II. Bernhardt Laser Beam Diagnostics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 W. J. Marshall Laser Radiation Detectors.............. .......................... 141 J. Franks Quantitative Determination of Ultraviolet Radiation... ........... 147 W.J. Marshall Measurements of Welding Arcs and Plasma Arcs. .................... 157 P. Eriksen Ultraviolet Exposure in the Outdoor Environment: Measurements of Ambj'~nt Ultraviolet Exposure Levels at Large Zenith Angles......... .... ...... ............ 169 D.H. Sliney, R.L. Wood, Jr., P.M. Moscato, W.J. Marshall, and P. Eriksen vii THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye......................... ....... 181 A. Checcucci Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin.......... ..................... 185 A. Checcucci Biological Effects of Coherent and Noncoherent IR Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 L.A. Court, and D. Courant Infrared Radiation and the Eye........... ........................ 219 P.G. Soderberg Infrared Energy and Skin: Biological Effects and Health Hazards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 A. Checcucci Potential Ocular and Skin Hazards from Lamps and Projector Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 J. Franks Ultraviolet Radiation and the Eye......... ..... ............ ...... 237 D.H. Sliney UI traviolet Mutagenes is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 1. Quinto, M. Mallardo. M.R. Ruocco, A. Arcllcci, and G. Scala RISK ASSESSMENT, PROTECTION AND STANDARDS Laser Output Parameters Necessary for Hazard Assessment.. ........ 259 J. Franks Control of Outdoor Laser Hazards........ ....... ........... ....... 263 J. Franks Protective Screens and Fi.lters for IR Protection..... ... ........ 269 P. Eriksen Welding Safety Measures and Welding Filters.......... ..... ...... 277 P.G. Soderberg Laser Eye Protectors.. .......... ..... ..... ...... ..... ... ... ..... 287 P.K. Galoff Visible and Infra-Red Radiation (Non Laser) Protection Standards. ...... .......... ........... ........ ... 293 A.F. McKinlay UI traviolet Standards........................................... 299 B.F.M. Bosnjakovic IRPA/INIRC Guidelines on Ultraviolet............................ 319 J.n. Bernhardt Laser Safety Standards: Historical Development and Rationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 D.n. Sliney viii The IRPA/INIRC Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Laser Radiation...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 D.H. Sliney Medical Surveillance in Laser Working Sites........ ....... ....... 347 P.G. Soderberg and D.H. Sliney APPLICATIONS AND RELATED TOPICS Medical Lasers and Biological Criteria and Limits of Their Therapeutic Effects.............. ............. ..... 353 L.A. Court and D. Courant Current and Future Applications of Lasers in Medicine............ 373 M.ll. Repacho1i, G. McLennan, A. Pugatschew, and R. Hancock Towards a Solution of the Ozone Layer Depletion Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 B.F.M. Bosnjakovic Participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Index .......................................................... . 419 FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL PHYSICS Martino Grandolfo National Institute of Health, Physics Laboratory and INFN-Sezione Sanita', Rome, Italy INTRODUCTION In the electromagnetic spectrum the wavelengths covered by optical radi.ation range from 1 nm to 1 mm. This wavelength region includes not only the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but also the ultrav:l.olet (UV) - up to the soft ionizing X-ray domain - and the infrared (IR) - up to the microwave domain. The regIon from 1 nm to 190 nm (vacuum UV) is completely absorbed in air and consequently has no direct biological effect. There are quite a few reasons for treating th:l.s wavelength region as 11 separate entity, though any exact boundary is to a certain degree arbitrary. Optical radiation is produced by several radiation sources, such as conventional incandescent, fluorescent and phosphorescent lamps, electric arcs, and the laser. It is this last source that has engendered the greatest concern from the point of viel~ of radiation protection. As indicated, the boundaries of the optical radiation region cannot be precisely defined. Spectral designation schemes differ; the broad spectral regions defined by physicists, such as "near" or "far" IR are useful in discussing sources, whereas the CIE bands, such as UV-A or IR-B, relate to biological effects only. Both schemes are used in this book. In contrast to X-rays, optical radiation is essentially nonionizing. Its action is either photochemical (as in the UV) or thermal (as in the IR) j the visible region is a transition region characterized by both effects. In contrast to radiofrequency and m:f.crowave radiation, optical radiation usually acts at the surface. Penetration in the skin is mostly restricted to a few millimetres or less. The eye is an exception in that it admits vis.ible energy into the body. Even in this case the penetration rarely goes beyond the retinal pigment epithelium. Until this century, the pdnciplII source of optical radiation was the sun, but solar radiatlon could not be considered very dangerous, primarily because of protective avoidance reactions naturally built into the organism, and the development of adaptlve pigmentation. The development of artificial radiation sources, however, has made the protection problem more urgent. In the elirly 1920s the first health protection standards were laid down to protect against overexposure to the UV radiation and visible light produced by welding arcs, and against

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