Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: A Health Risk Assessment

420 Pages·1991·17.569 MB·English

by  Martino Grandolfo (auth.), M. Grandolfo, A. Rindi, D. H. Sliney (eds.)

Light, Lasers, and
Synchrotron Radiation
A Health Risk Assessment
NA TO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics New York and London
C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London
o
Behavioral and Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris, and Tokyo
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 238-Physics, Geometry, and Topology
edited by H. C. Lee
Volume 239-Kinetics of Ordering and Growth at Surfaces
edited by Max G. Lagally
Volume 240-Global Climate and Ecosystem Change
edited by Gordon J. MacDonald and Luigi Sertorio
Volume 241-Applied Laser Spectroscopy
edited by Wolfgang DemtrOder and Massimo Inguscio
Volume 242-Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: A Health Risk Assessment
edited by M. Grandolfo, A. Rindi, and D. H. Sliney
Volume 243-Davydov's Soliton Revisited: Self-Trapping of
Vibrational Energy in Protein
edited by Peter L. Christiansen and Alwyn C. Scott
Volume 244-Nonlinear Wave Processes in Excitable Media
edited by Arun V. Holden, Mario Markus, and Hans G. Othmer
Volume 245-Dlfferential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics:
Physics and Geometry
edited by Ling-Lie Chau and Werner Nahm
Series B: Physics
Light, Lasers, and
Synchrotron Radiation
A Health Risk Assessment
Edited by
M. Grandolfo
National Institute of Health
Rome, Italy
A. Rindi
Sincrotrone Trieste
Trieste, Italy
and
D. H. Sliney
u.s. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute/Ninth Course of the
International School of Radiation Damage and Protection on
Optical Sources, Lasers and Synchrotron Radiation:
Biological Effects and Hazard Potential,
held May 9-20, 1989,
in Erice, Sicily, Italy
Library of Congress Catslog1ng-1n-Pub11 cation Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute/Ninth Course of the International School
of Radiation Daaage and Protection on Optical Sources, Lasers, and
Synchrotron Radiation: Biological Effects and Hazard Potential (1989
: Erice, Italy)
Light, lasers, and synchrotron radiation -. a health risk
assessment / edited by M. Orandolfo, A. Rlndi, and D.H. Simey.
p. en. — (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics ; v. 242)
"Published 1n cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographical references and Index.
ISBN 978-1-4899-0663-2
1. Light—Health aspects—Congresses. 2. Laser beans—Health
aspects—Congresses. 3. Synchrotron radiation—Health aspects-
-Congresses. 4. Health risk assessnent—Congresses. I. Grandolfo,
M. II. R1nd1, Alessandro. III. Sllney, David H. IV. Title.
V. Series.
RA569.3.N38 1991
612'.01448—dc20 90-23013
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4899-0663-2 ISBN 978-1-4899-0661-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0661-8
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press New York in 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
FOREWORD
This volume contains the formal record of the lectures presented at
the 9th Course of the International School of Radiation Damage and
Protection held at the "E .Majorana" International Centre for Scientific
Culture in Erice (Italy) from May 9 to May 20, 1989.
This course was the last of a series of 4 courses, started in 1981,
that were dedicated to the assessment of risk hazard from non-ionizing
radiation. The proceedings of these courses were all published by Plenum
Press with the following headings:
1) M.Grandolfo, S.M.Michaelson and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Biological Effects and
Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation; Radiofrequency and Microwave
Energy", Plenum Press, New York, NATO ASI Series A Life Sciences,
Vo1.49 (1983);
2) M.Grandolfo, S.M.Michaelson and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Biological Effects and
Dosimetry of Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields", Plenum Press, New
York, E.Majorana International Science Series, Life Sciences, Vol.19
(1985) ;
3) M.H.Repacholi, M.Grandolfo and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Ultrasound; medical
applications, biological effects and hazard potential", Plenum Press,
New York (1987).
We hope that all these volumes together may represent a complete
textbook and a reference for the students and scientists interested in
the physics, biology, measurement and dosimetry, health effects and
standard setting, in short, the risk assessment of that wide field of
radiation presently classified as non-ionizing radiation.
We are indebted to the Associa?ione Italiana Protezione dalle
Radiazioni (AIRP), The Internat:l.onal Not! Ionizing Radiation Committee of
the International Radiation Protection Association (INIRC/IRPA), the
Istituto Superiore di Sanita I, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and
Technological Research, the Sincrotrc>ne Tr:f.este, and the Sicilian
Regional Government for sponsoring and supporting the Course.
We acknowledge with great appreciatIon the cooperation and skilled
assistance of Mrs.Franca Grisanti and Mr.Giacomo Monteleone of the
Physics Laboratory of the Italian National Institute of Health, Rome,
Italy.
We take the opportunity to thank all the lecturers and students
that, by participating to the courses from all around the world, made
possible this endeavor.
M. Grando!fo
A.Rindi
D .H.S linoy
v
CONTENTS
THE SOURCES AND THE INTERACTION WITH MATTER
Fundamentals of Optical Physics.................................. 1
M. Grandolfo
Characteristics of Optical Noncoherent Sources.................. 15
J. Bernhardt
Lamps and Lighting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A.F. McKinlay
Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation......................... 61
E. Burattini
Characteristics of Coherent Optical Sources...................... 77
F. Hillenkamp and W.J. Marshall
Radiation Interactions with Matter: Some General
Considerations on the Ionizing/Non-Jonf.:dng
Boundary Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
M. Fabretto and A. Rindi
THE DETECTION
Radiometric Measurements for Broadband Optical Sources........... 121
J.II. Bernhardt
Laser Beam Diagnostics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
W. J. Marshall
Laser Radiation Detectors.............. .......................... 141
J. Franks
Quantitative Determination of Ultraviolet Radiation... ........... 147
W.J. Marshall
Measurements of Welding Arcs and Plasma Arcs. .................... 157
P. Eriksen
Ultraviolet Exposure in the Outdoor Environment:
Measurements of Ambj'~nt Ultraviolet Exposure
Levels at Large Zenith Angles......... .... ...... ............ 169
D.H. Sliney, R.L. Wood, Jr., P.M. Moscato, W.J. Marshall,
and P. Eriksen
vii
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye......................... ....... 181
A. Checcucci
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin.......... ..................... 185
A. Checcucci
Biological Effects of Coherent and Noncoherent IR
Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
L.A. Court, and D. Courant
Infrared Radiation and the Eye........... ........................ 219
P.G. Soderberg
Infrared Energy and Skin: Biological Effects and
Health Hazards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
A. Checcucci
Potential Ocular and Skin Hazards from Lamps and
Projector Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
J. Franks
Ultraviolet Radiation and the Eye......... ..... ............ ...... 237
D.H. Sliney
UI traviolet Mutagenes is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
1. Quinto, M. Mallardo. M.R. Ruocco, A. Arcllcci, and G. Scala
RISK ASSESSMENT, PROTECTION AND STANDARDS
Laser Output Parameters Necessary for Hazard Assessment.. ........ 259
J. Franks
Control of Outdoor Laser Hazards........ ....... ........... ....... 263
J. Franks
Protective Screens and Fi.lters for IR Protection..... ... ........ 269
P. Eriksen
Welding Safety Measures and Welding Filters.......... ..... ...... 277
P.G. Soderberg
Laser Eye Protectors.. .......... ..... ..... ...... ..... ... ... ..... 287
P.K. Galoff
Visible and Infra-Red Radiation (Non Laser)
Protection Standards. ...... .......... ........... ........ ... 293
A.F. McKinlay
UI traviolet Standards........................................... 299
B.F.M. Bosnjakovic
IRPA/INIRC Guidelines on Ultraviolet............................ 319
J.n. Bernhardt
Laser Safety Standards: Historical Development and
Rationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
D.n. Sliney
viii
The IRPA/INIRC Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to
Laser Radiation...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
D.H. Sliney
Medical Surveillance in Laser Working Sites........ ....... ....... 347
P.G. Soderberg and D.H. Sliney
APPLICATIONS AND RELATED TOPICS
Medical Lasers and Biological Criteria and Limits
of Their Therapeutic Effects.............. ............. ..... 353
L.A. Court and D. Courant
Current and Future Applications of Lasers in Medicine............ 373
M.ll. Repacho1i, G. McLennan, A. Pugatschew, and R. Hancock
Towards a Solution of the Ozone Layer Depletion
Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
B.F.M. Bosnjakovic
Participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Index .......................................................... . 419
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL PHYSICS
Martino Grandolfo
National Institute of Health, Physics Laboratory
and INFN-Sezione Sanita', Rome, Italy
INTRODUCTION
In the electromagnetic spectrum the wavelengths covered by optical
radi.ation range from 1 nm to 1 mm. This wavelength region includes not
only the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but also the
ultrav:l.olet (UV) - up to the soft ionizing X-ray domain - and the
infrared (IR) - up to the microwave domain. The regIon from 1 nm to 190
nm (vacuum UV) is completely absorbed in air and consequently has no
direct biological effect.
There are quite a few reasons for treating th:l.s wavelength region as
11 separate entity, though any exact boundary is to a certain degree
arbitrary. Optical radiation is produced by several radiation sources,
such as conventional incandescent, fluorescent and phosphorescent lamps,
electric arcs, and the laser. It is this last source that has engendered
the greatest concern from the point of viel~ of radiation protection.
As indicated, the boundaries of the optical radiation region cannot
be precisely defined. Spectral designation schemes differ; the broad
spectral regions defined by physicists, such as "near" or "far" IR are
useful in discussing sources, whereas the CIE bands, such as UV-A or
IR-B, relate to biological effects only. Both schemes are used in this
book.
In contrast to X-rays, optical radiation is essentially nonionizing.
Its action is either photochemical (as in the UV) or thermal (as in the
IR) j the visible region is a transition region characterized by both
effects.
In contrast to radiofrequency and m:f.crowave radiation, optical
radiation usually acts at the surface. Penetration in the skin is mostly
restricted to a few millimetres or less. The eye is an exception in that
it admits vis.ible energy into the body. Even in this case the penetration
rarely goes beyond the retinal pigment epithelium.
Until this century, the pdnciplII source of optical radiation was
the sun, but solar radiatlon could not be considered very dangerous,
primarily because of protective avoidance reactions naturally built into
the organism, and the development of adaptlve pigmentation. The
development of artificial radiation sources, however, has made the
protection problem more urgent. In the elirly 1920s the first health
protection standards were laid down to protect against overexposure to
the UV radiation and visible light produced by welding arcs, and against