Light in forensic science issues and applications

434 Pages·2018·22.592 MB·English

by  Miolo, Giorgia, Stair, Jacqueline, Zloh, Mire

COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMICAL AND
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COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY
Series editors: Evelyne Sage, Lesley Rhodes and Massimo Trotta
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COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND
PHOTOBIOLOGY – VOLUME 17
Light in Forensic Science
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oi: Editors
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Mire Zloh
University of Hertfordshire
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doi: ISSN: 2041-9716
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c. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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3 Preface
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0.1 Many textbooks are currently available concerning crime scene examination
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oi: and the forensic analyses of the material recovered from the crime scene,
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g | covering a large range of techniques and approaches.
or The peculiarity of this book is that it is specifically targeted at light-based
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s.rs instrumental methods and at light of specific wavelengths for gathering evi-
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u dence in the crime scene, assessing a number molecules useful in the crime
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p:// scene solving and, at the same time, it presents the adverse photodegrading
htt effects of light on materials of interest.
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8 o Since many traces are invisible to the naked eye, various types of illumina-
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0 tion and visualisation techniques are devised in order to aid the activity of
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pril the examination teams.
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9 The book covers the analysis of a range of molecular systems for forensic
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n examination purposes, with a detailed review of different analytical methods
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d that use light sources for either illumination or detection of trace samples,
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s including illicit drugs and novel psychoactive substances (NPS), biological
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u agents that may be used in bioterrorism, polymeric material, i.e. fibres, reflec-
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tors, adhesive tapes, textiles, and glass materials with a particular emphasis
on detecting, analysing and interpreting evidence from crime scenes.
This book contains chapters with a review of such approaches, based on
absorption, scattering and reflection of light of different wavelengths, and on
the exploitation of fluorescence and chemiluminescence.
Moreover, the accurate and rapid identification of bacteria using laser irra-
diation via MALDI-TOF MS is widely discussed in a chapter dedicated to this
methodology for detection of biological warfare agents.
Spectroscopic techniques are ideal tools for detecting analytes at trace lev-
els i.e., low concentrations. Microspectrophotometry, Raman spectroscopy,
FTIR spectroscopy, IR-chemical imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Light in Forensic Science: Issues and Applications
Edited by Giorgia Miolo, Jacqueline L. Stair and Mire Zloh
© European Society for Photobiology 2018
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
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viii PReFAce
are also discussed as recommended tools to determine the nature, class and
subclass of polymers, such as fibers.
In regards to glass evidence, this has the ability to provide information
not only to link individuals to broken glass items found at a crime scene but
also to help establish what, when and how these were transferred. In this
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0 context, light plays a fundamental role in obtaining particularly source infor-
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F mation, because the morphology, optical and chemical properties of glass
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34 can be characterised by different regions of both the visible and near visible
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01 electromagnetic spectrum.
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78 In contextual chapters, NPS and illicit drugs' detection by light based
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78 techniques and the possibility of photodegradation in different matrices
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9/ (both in water from various sources for epidemiological studies and in in vivo
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10 samples, i.e. hair of potential consumers) are extensively discussed and will
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1 provide the reader with a solid background in this area of crime investigation.
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d Normally, at a crime scene the evidence needed is often obtained by col-
org | lecting the analytes of interest and the samples are often taken back to the
sc. lab for analysis. Nevertheless, there has been a recent surge in portable
bs.r methods that can be used at the site of the crime or in emergency rooms.
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htt for portable systems while being cost effective, selective and sensitive, are
on described in a specific chapter of this book, focusing on the recognition of
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1 drugs of abuse that utilise optical changes i.e., changes in colour or fluores-
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pril cence response.
A Furthermore, a chapter is dedicated to Raman spectroscopy which has
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0 been shown to decipher NPS chemical analogues as well as the NPS from
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d o cutting agents and adulterants present in associated products. Analysis
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h can be done in the laboratory or in-field using handheld versions, in which
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bli the latter often have in-build matching algorithms for a quick response for
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non-experts.
Additionally, many synthetic novel psychoactive compounds contain a
stereogenic centre leading to two possible enantiomers, whose pharmaco-
logical potency differs as it is the case for many chiral active pharmaceutical
ingredients. Therefore, the analytical methods for enantioseparation of NPS
by high performance separation techniques (HPLc, capillary electrophoresis,
capillary electrochromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography)
with UV absorption detection is of great forensic interest.
Another chapter is dedicated to hair analysis as a valuable tool in forensic
toxicology to demonstrate drug exposure in the context of facilitated crimes.
Since scalp hair is exposed to sunlight and/or artificial light for many hours
per day; the action of light on hair could alter the content of drugs/illicit
drugs and/or metabolites and the xenobiotics can gradually disappear or be
transformed into other compounds. Thus, light exposure should be consid-
ered as a potential confounder in studies investigating xenobiotics in hair
giving rise to reduced drug concentrations or even false negative results.
Indeed, the second aspect of the light discussed in this book concerns the
degrading effects of light, both induced by the analytical methods employed
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PReFAce ix
(i.e. UV light breakage of DNA during DNA profiling) or by sunlight when
outdoor samples are collected and then subjected to forensic analyses.
Moreover, the current processes used in the forensic analysis of DNA and
RNA are covered in a selected chapter detailing why light is essential for
detection but also destructive to the template DNA collected during a criminal
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0 investigation.
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F When traces have been exposed for long periods of time to weathering,
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34 degradation, especially by light, can modify their structure and complicate
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01 the work of the analyst. The issues related to degradation of material evidence
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78 found at the crime scene are discussed, focusing also on polymeric evidence,
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78 because polymers are the traces most sensitive to degradation, whereas glass
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9/ or soil are not significantly changed by exposure to light for the time
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10 durations usually involved in normal casework.
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1 At the same time the adverse effects of light on materials of interest as
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d evidence could open opportunities for development of additional markers
org | not yet explored or yield an enrichment of libraries for dedicated instruments
sc. by adding degradation products to reduce false negative or positive results.
bs.r In conclusion, this book aims to cover the latest research and devel-
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p:// opment based on light methodologies in the crime scene investigation by
htt specialists from forensic institutions and departments worldwide. Indeed,
on as light can play a powerful role in this environment, the presented material
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1 will allow reader to gain in depth understanding on how the light affects the
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pril evidence and when to apply techniques that employ light for crime scene
A investigations.
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9/ Chapter 1 Light for Crime Scene Examination 1
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1 Valerio Causin and Giuseppe Guzzini
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d Chapter 2 Degradation and Damage due to Exposure to Light
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sc. Valerio Causin
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htt Forensic Importance 51
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o Nick Dawnay
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pril Chapter 4 Use of Light in Fingerprint Detection 83
A Laurent Galmiche, Clémence Allain and Gilles Clavier
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d o Chapter 5 Light as an Ionizing Agent in Mass Spectrometry.
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h Microbial Identification by Matrix Assisted Laser
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Donata Favretto and Pietro Traldi
Chapter 6 The Use of Light in Forensic Glass Analysis 143
Claire Gwinnett and Roger Robson
Chapter 7 A Review on Analytical Techniques Used for
Forensic Fiber Analysis 175
Nirvani Mujumdar and Andres D. Campiglia
Chapter 8 Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and Recent
Scenarios: Epidemiological, Anthropological and
Clinical Pharmacological Issues 207
J. M. Corkery, L. Orsolini, D. Papanti and F. Schifano

Light in Forensic Science: Issues and Applications
Edited by Giorgia Miolo, Jacqueline L. Stair and Mire Zloh
© European Society for Photobiology 2018
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
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