Light Alloys Directory and Databook

574 Pages·2008·38.62 MB·English

by  Robert John Hussey

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Appendix B : Primary
Aluminium Production
This appendix summarises primary aluminium smelters by country, giving their location and an indication of their capacity (in
tonnes).
Argentina Brazil
Aluar Aluminio Argentine SAIC Alcan Aluminio Do Brasil S.A.
Puerto Madryn (175 000) Aratu, BA (58 000)
Saramenha, MG (51 000)
Australia
Alcoa Aluminio S.A.
Alcan Australia Ltd.
Pocos de Caldas, MG (90 000)
Kurri Kurri
Alumar
Alcoa of Australia Ltd.
Sao Luis, MA (330 000)
Point Henry, Geelong (185 000)
Companhia Brasileira De Aliminio
Victoria State GMT
Mairinique, S. P. (215000)
(No details)
Albras - Aluminio Brasiliero S/A
First National Resource Trust
Barcarena, PA (320 000)
(No details)
Valesul Aluminio S.A.
Citic Marubeni Aluminium Australia Pty. Ltd.
Santa Cruz, RJ. (90 000)
Portland (320 000)
Cameroon
Boyne Smelters Ltd.
Boyne Island (230 000) Alucam
Edea (80 000)
Comalco Ltd.
Bell Bay (120 000) Canada
Tomago Aluminium Company Pty. Ltd. Alcan Smelters & Chemicals Ltd:
Newcastle (380 000) Jonquiere, Quebec (232 000)
Beauharnois, Quebec (48 000)
Azerbaijan Grande Baie Quebec (180 000)
T
Sumgait Aluminium Smelter Isle Maligne, Quebec (73 000)
Sumgait (58 000) Kitimat, British Columbia. (272 000)
Laterriere, Quebec (204 000)
Bahrein Shawinigan, Quebec (84 000)
Aluminium Bahrein B.S.C. Alumax Inc. / Aluminerie Lauralco Inc.
Bahrein (460 000) Deschambault, Quebec (215 000)
Bosnia-Herzegovena Aluminerie Alouette Inc.
Sept-lies, Quebec (21 5 000)
Aluminjski Kombinat Mostar
Mostar (closed) Aluminerie de Becancour Inc.
Becancour, Quebec (360 000)
Canadian Reynolds Metals Co. Ltd.
Baie Comeau, Quebec (400 000)
China (PRC) Ghana
China National NonFerrous Metals Industry Corp: Volta Aluminium Co. Ltd.
Bailianhe Aluminium Plant (5 000) Tema (200 000)
Baiyin Aluminium Plant (50 000)
Greece
Baoding Aluminium Factory (2 500)
Baotou Aluminium Smelter (70 000) Aluminium de Grece
Changsha Aluminium Factory (14 000) Distomon (150000)
Chongqing Aluminium Factory (11 000)
Hungary
Fushun Aluminium Plant (100 000)
Gansu Provincial Aluminium Co. (25 000) Hungalu-Hungarian Aluminium Corp.
Guangxi Desheng Aluminium Plant (7 000) lnota (35 000)
Guizhou Aluminium Plant (160 000)
Iceland
Hanzhong Aluminium Plant (5 000)
Hebei Matuo Aluminium Plant (12 000) Icelandic Aluminium Co. Ltd.
Hefei Aluminium Smelter (10 000) Straumsvik
Hejin Longmen Electrolytic (12 000)
India
Hubei Aluminium Plant (15 000)
Hunjiang Aluminium Plant (15 000) Bahrat Aluminium Co. Ltd.
Jiaozuo Aluminium Plant (15 000) Korba(IOOOOO)
Jiamusi Aluminium Factory (5 000)
Hindalco Industries Ltd.
Kunming Aluminium Plant (30 000)
Renukoot(150000)
Lanzhou Aluminium Plant (25 000)
Liancheng Aluminium Plant (85 000) Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd.
Longxi Aluminium Plant (10 000) Alupuram (20 000)
Nanping Aluminium Works (24 000) Hirakud (24 000)
Panshi Aluminium Factory (15 000) Belgaum (73 000)
PingguoAluminium Industry Co. (100 000)
Pingyang Aluminium Plant (15 000) National Aluminium Co. Ltd.
Qinghai Aluminium Smelter (100 000) Angul(218000)
Qingtongxia Aluminium Plant (82 000)
Indonesia
Quzhou Chemical Corp. (13 000)
Sanmanxia Aluminium Plant (30 000) PT. Indonesia Asahan Aluminium
Shandong Aluminium Industry Co. (35 000) Kuala Tanjung (225 000)
Shijiazhuang Aluminium Plant (15 000)
Iran
Taiyuan Aluminium Plant (15 000)
Tongchuan Aluminium Plant (15 000) IRALCO - Iranian Aluminium Company
Tongren Aluminium Factory (5 000) Arak(120000)
Tongshun Aluminium Plant (10 000)
Italy
Wulumiqi Aluminium Smelter (22 000)
Xiangxiang Aluminium Plant (14 000) Alumix Spa
Xiezhou Aluminium Plant (15 000) Fusina(13000)
Xuzhou Aluminium Works (13 000) Porto Vesme( 130 000)
Yongcheng Aluminium Plant (3 000)
Japan
Zhejiang Aluminium Co. (25 000)
Zhengzhou Aluminium Plant (32 000) Nippon Light Metal Co. Ltd.
Zibo Aluminium Plant (9 000) Kambara (20 000)
Zunyi Aluminium Plant (14 000)
Mexico
Croatia
Aluminio y Derivados de Veracruz S.A. de C.V.
TLM Sibenik Veracruz (66 000)
Sibenik (closed)
Netherlands
Egypt Aluminium Delfzijl
Delfzijl (97 000)
The Aluminium Company of Egypt
NagHammadi(180000) Pechiney Nederland N.V.
Vlissingen(170000)
France
New Zealand
Pechiney
Auzat (44 000) New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Ltd.
Dunkerque(215000) Bluff (259 000)
St. Jean de Maurienne (120 000)
Nigeria
Lannemezan (44 000)
Venthon (31 000) Aluminium Smelter Co. of Nigeria
lkotAbasi(90000)
Germany
Norway
Hamburger Aluminium - Werk GMBH
Hamburg (115 000) Hydro Aluminium A.S.
Ardal (265 000)
Hoogovens Aluminium Huttenwerk Voerde GMBH Sunndalsora (140000)
Voerde (80 000) Hoyanger (65 000)
Karmoy (220 000)
Aluminium Essen GMBH
Essen (135 000) Elkem Aluminium ANS
Lista (80 000)
VAW Aluminium AG
Mosjoen(115000)
Norf(210000)
Stade (68 000) SOR - Norge Aluminium A/S
Tbging (85 000) Husnes (78 000)
Poland Tadjikistan
Konin Aluminium Works Tadjik Aluminium Smelter - TAZ
Maliniec Smelter (55 000) Regar(517000)
Romania Turkey
Slatina Aluminium Working Enterprise Etibank Alumunyum Co. Ltd.
Slatina (265 000) Muessesesi Mudurlugu Seydisehir (60 000)
Russian Federation Ukraine
AO Bogoslovsk Aluminium Smelter - BAZ Dnieper Aluminium Smelter - DAZ
Bogoslovsk(158000) Zaporozhye (108000)
AO Bratsk Aluminium Plant - BrAZ United Arab Emirates
Bratsk (809 000)
Dubai Aluminium Co. Ltd.
AO Irkutsk Aluminium Plant - IrkAZ Jebel AIi (240 000)
Irkutsk (255 000)
United Kingdom
AO Uralsk Aluminium Smelter - UAZ
Anglesey Aluminium Ltd.
Ural (67 000)
Holyhead (124000)
AO Kandalaksha Aluminium Smelter
British Alcan Aluminium PIc.
Kandalaksha (63 000)
Kinlochleven(11 000)
AO Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Plant - KrZA Lochaber (38 000)
Krasnoyarsk (749 000) Lynemouth(135000)
AO Nadvoytsy Aluminium Smelter United States of America
Nadvoytsy (73 000)
Alcan Aluminum Corporation
AO Novokuznetsk Aluminium Smelter - NkAZ Sebree, Kentucky (163 000)
Novokuznetsk (284 000)
Alumax Inc.:
AO Volgograd Aluminium Smelter- VgAZ Bellingham, Washington (270 000)
Volgograd (141 000) Frederick, Maryland (175 000)
Mount Holly, South Carolina (181 000)
AO Volkhov Aluminium Smelter - VAZ
Volkhov (20 000) ALCOA - Aluminum Company of America
Alcoa, Tennessee (200 000)
AO Sayansk Aluminium Smelter - SaAZ Badin, North Carolina (115 000)
Sayansk (274 000) Evansville, Indiana (270 000)
Massena, New York (127 000)
Serbia & Montenegro
Rockdale, Texas (315 000)
DP Kombinat Aluminijuma Wentchee, Washington (265 000)
Podgorica (120000)
Columbia Aluminum Corporation
Slovak Republic Goldendale, Washington (168 000)
ZSNP Ziar Nad Hronom Columbia Falls Aluminum Company
Ziar nad Hronom (65 000) Columbia Falls, Montana (168 000)
Slovenia Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp.
Mead, Washington (200 000)
Unial Tovarna Glinice in Aluminija
Tacoma, Washington (73 000)
Kidrecevo (75 000)
NSA (Division of Southwire)
South Africa
Hawesville, Kentucky (186 000)
Alusaf Ltd.:
Noranda Aluminum Inc.
Richards Bay (172 000)
New Madrid, Missouri (204 000)
Hillside (began 1995)
Northwest Aluminum Company
Spain
The Dalles, Oregon (82 000)
Aluminio Espanol S.A.
Ormet Corporation
San Ciprian (190000)
Hannibal, Ohio (245 000)
lndustria Espanola Del Aluminio S.A.
Ravenswood Aluminum Corp.
Aviles (40 000)
Ravenswood, West Virginia (166 000)
La Coruna (78 000)
Reynolds Metals Company
Surinam
Longview, Washington (204 000)
Suriname Aluminium Company Massena, New York (123 000)
Paranam (30 000) Troutdale, Oregon (121 000)
Sweden Vanalco Inc.
Vancouver, Washington (110 000)
GA Metall AB
Sundsvall(IOOOOO) Venezuela
Switzerland Aluminio Del Caroni S.A.
Puerto Ordaz (220 000)
Alusuisse Aluminium Ltd.
Steg (24 000) lndustria Venezolana De Aluminio C.A.
Puerto Ordaz (441 000)
Appendix C : Glossary
This appendix is a compilation of terms commonly used in the light metal industry. They are a mixture of those used to
describe the materials themselves (metallurgical) and their processing, production and characteristics.
A Bend Test - Application of a force to the central region of a
test bar that is supported on each end to determine the
Age Hardening - A special dispersion-strengthening heat resistance of the material to a static or slowly applied load.
treatment. By solution treatment, quenching, and Typically used for brittle materials. May be 3- or 4-point
ageing, a coherent precipitate can be formed that bend. In 4-point bending a pair of rollers is used to apply
provides a substantial strengthening effect. Also force to the central section - with the advantage that the
known as precipitation hardening. resulting stress in the test sample is uniform between
them.
Alloy - Combination of metals and other elements giving
improved properties over the pure metal. Bolt Stock - Round bar or wire suitable for manufacturing
bolts by cold heading.
Annealing - A heat treatment used to eliminate part or all
of the effects of cold working. Used to soften alloys
that have been hardened by cold work or by C
heat-treatment; often used to enable a metal to be cold
worked. To avoid excessive grain growth the metal Castability - The ease with which a metal flows into a mould
should be heated to the annealing temperature as to make a casting without producing defects or requiring
rapidly as possible, and held at temperature only as unusual or expensive techniques to prevent casting
long as necessary. Excessive grain growth reduces problems.
the mechanical properties of the metal and may give a
Cavity Shrinkage - A large void within a casting caused by
rough 'orange-peel' effect on the surface when the
the volume contraction that occurs during solidification.
material is subsequently worked. Annealing
Chill Zone - A region of small, randomly oriented grains that
temperatures depend on the particular alloy type, i.e.
those which age-harden at room temperature may forms rapidly at the surface of a casting as a result of
require a more complicated annealing schedule. Local heterogeneous nucleation.
annealing can be done by, for example, a blow-torch Circumscribing Circle - In extrusion - that circle which
on work-hardened, non-heatreatable alloys. For heat- defines the largest possible cross-section for the extruded
treated alloys, it impares the heat-treated properties. product (maximum die dimensions).
Artificial Ageing - Reheating a solution-treated and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (linear) - Describes the
quenched alloy to a temperature below the solvus in amount by which a unit length of a material changes when
order to provide the thermal energy required for a its temperature changes by one degree Celsius (may vary
precipitate to form. For heat-treatable alloys that slowly with temperature range).
harden at normal temperatures, the rate can be Coherent Precipitate - A precipitate whose crystal structure
increased by heating the solution heat-treated alloy in and atomic arrangement are continuous with the matrix
the range 100-20O0C for a shorter period. The time at from which the precipitate formed. In effect a small region
the specified temperature depends on the alloy, but of enrichment by alloying elements, producing local strain
may be typically 2 to 30 hours. Maximum strength is (distortion) of the crystal lattice. This hinders the
generally attained by prolonged ageing at low movement of dislocations and provides excellent
temperature rather than by rapid ageing at high
strengthening.
temperature.
Cold Rolled Plate - A cold rolled product of rectangular
section over 6mm thick, supplied flat in a variety of
B conditions, with better surface finish, and normally to
closer tolerances, than hot rolled plate.
Bar - A round, rectangular or polygonal solid section
supplied in straight lengths. The term is generally
applied to materials of not less than 6mm diameter (or
minor dimensions).
Cold Working - Deformation of a metal below the Eutectoid - A three-phase reaction in which one solid phase
recrystallisation temperature. During cold working, transforms to two different solid phases.
dislocations increase in number and become
Extruded Round Tube - A circular hollow extrusion of
entangled (pinned), strengthening the metal. Solution
uniform wall thickness.
Heat-Treated Alloys: that age naturally at room
Extrusion - A deformation processing technique by which a
temperature should be worked within 2 hours of
material is pushed through an opening in a die.
quenching (30 mins for severe forming operations), i.e.
before age-hardening reaches any significant level.
Alloys can be re-solution heat-treated in order to F
complete the forming operation. But: repeated solution
treating can reduce the mechanical properties attained Fatigue Life - The number of stress cycles before a material
by natural or artificial ageing. fails by fatigue.
Columnar Zone - A region of elongated grains having a Fatigue Limit (Endurance limit) - The stress below which a
preferred orientation. These form as a result of material will not fail in a fatigue test.
competitive growth during the solidification of a
Fatigue strength - The stress required to cause failure by
casting, generally growing in at right-angles to the
fatigue in a given number of cycles; normally several
surface of the casting.
hundred million cycles.
Composites - A group of materials formed from mixtures
Fatigue Test - Measures the resistance of a material to failure
of metals, ceramics, or polymers, combined in such a
when a cyclic stress below the yield strength is applied.
manner that unusual combinations of properties are
obtained. These properties can be deliberately highly Fibre Metal Laminate (FML) - A proprietory sheet material
directional, i.e. anisotropic. consisting of thin metal sheets bonded with an adhesive
layer which contains a continuous fibre reinforcement.
Coring - Microsegregation within a grain.
Fibre Texture - A preferred orientation of grains obtained
Creep Rate - The rate at which a material deforms when
during the drawing process. Grains are elongated along
a constant stress is applied at a high temperature.
the drawing direction, causing anisotropic behaviour.
Creep Test - Measures the resistance of a material to
Flexural Modulus - The modulus of elasticity resulting from a
deformation and failure when subjected to a static load
bend test, the slope of the stress-strain curve.
below the yield strength at an elevated temperature.
Flexural Strength - The stress required to fracture a
Crystal Structure - The lattice arrangement of the atoms
specimen in a bend test. Also called the modulus of
in a material.
rupture (MOR).
Fluidity - The ability of liquid metal to fill a mould cavity
D
without premature solidification.
Foil - A cold rolled product of rectangular section and
Dendrite - The structure formed by a solid growing along
thickness not greater than 0.2 mm.
crystallographic directions when an undercooled liquid
nucleates. Forging Stock - Cast, extruded or rolled starting material for
the production of forgings.
Density - Mass per unit volume of a material, often
expressed in units of kg.m3 or g.cm3. Fracture Mechanics - The study of a material's ability to
withstand stress in the presence of a defect.
Dispersion Strengthening - Increasing the strength of a
Fracture Toughnesss - The resistance of a material to failure
material by incorporating finely divided particles (often
oxides or carbides). By proper control of the size, in the presence of a defect.
shape, amount, and individual properties of the Freezing Range - The temperature difference between the
phases, excellent combinations of properties can be liquidus and solidus temperatures.
obtained. Fusion Welding - Joining processes in which a portion of the
Drawing - A deformation processing technique by which a materials must melt in order to achieve good bonding.
material is reduced in cross-section by being pulled Fusion Zone - The portion of a weld heated to produce all
through an opening in a die.
liquid during the welding process. Solidification of the
Drawn Tube - A hollow product of uniform wall thickness fusion zone provides joining.
produced by cold drawing from tube bloom.
Ductility - The ability of a material to be permanently G
deformed without fracture when a force is applied.
Gas Porosity - Gas bubbles trapped within a casting during
E solidification. Occurs because of the lower solubility of gas
in the solid compared with that in the liquid.
Elastic Deformation - Deformation of the material that is Grain Refinement - The multiplication and equalisation of
recovered when the applied load is removed. grains in a cast microstructure.
Elongation (percentage) - The total percentage increase
in the length of a specimen during a tensile test. H
Epitaxial growth - Growth of a liquid onto an existing
solid material without the need for nucleation. Hall-Heroult Process - An electrolytic process used for
Eutectic - A three-phase reaction in which one liquid extraction of aluminium from the ore.
phase solidifies to produce two solid phases.
Eutectic microconstituent - A characteristic mixture of
two phases formed as a result of the eutectic reaction.
Hardness Test - Measures the resistance of a material to lntermetallic Compound - A chemical compound formed by
penetration by an object. Common hardness tests for two or more metals, having a particular composition and
light-alloys are Brinell (HB), Rockwell (R + scale letter) structure. Nonstoichiometric: A variable ratio of the
and Vickers (VPN). components present in the compound. Stoichiometric: A
Heat Treatment - A light alloy is generally said to be in a fixed ratio of the components present in the compound.
heat-treated condition when it has been subjected to Also called an intermediate solid solution.
one or both of the following: (a) Heating for a
prescribed period at a prescribed temperature, then L
cooling rapidly from this temperature, usually by
quenching (solution heat-treatment); (b) Ageing, either
Limited Solubility - When there is a limit to the amount of a
spontaneously at ordinary temperatures (natural
solute material which can be dissolved in the solvent
ageing) or by heating for a prescribed period at a
material.
prescribed low temperature (artificial ageing). The
Liquidus - The temperature at which the first solid begins to
application of both solution heat-treatment and artificial
form within a cooling liquid.
ageing is often termed 'fully heat treated'. This
situation may be more complex for some multi-phase
titanium alloy compositions. M
Heat-affected Zone (HAZ) - The area adjacent to a weld
that is heated above some critical temperature during Macrosegregation - Variations in composition of a material
the welding process. This results in changes in the over large distances caused by nonequilibrium
structure, such as grain growth or recrystallisation, and solidification.
alteration in properties. Macrostructure - Obvious features of a material's structure
Hollow Section - An extruded shape other than round, (visible without the aid of a microscope).
the cross-section of which completely encloses a void Matrix - The continuous solid phase in a complex
or voids. microstructure. Alloys: precipitates can form within the
Homogenisation - A heat treatment used to reduce the matrix. Composites: the phase in which the reinforcement
microsegregation caused during non equilibrium is embedded.
solidification. Mechanical Properties - Measurable characteristics of a
Hooke's Law - The relationship between stress and strain material that describe the resistance to applied forces,
in the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve. e.g. tensile, compressive, impact , fatigue, etc.
Hot Rolled Plate - A hot rolled product of rectangular Metal matrix Composite - A material which consists of a
section, > 6mm thick, supplied flat in a variety of reinforcement phase embedded in a metal alloy. The
conditions but generally with less control of surface reinforcements can be particles or fibres.
finish and tolerance than applies to sheet. Microsegregation - Compositional differences in a material
Hot Shortness - Melting of a lower melting point non over short distances caused by non equilibrium
equilibrium phase that forms by segregation, even solidification.
though the temperature is below the equilibrium Modification - Addition of alloying elements which change the
solidus temperature. microstructure of the eutectic microconstituent, e.g. Na or
Hot Working - Deformation of a metal above the Sr in AI-Si alloys.
recrystallisation temperature. During hot working, only Modulus of Elasticity (Young's modulus) - The slope of the
the shape of the metal changes; the strength remains stress-strain curve in the elastic region.
relatively unchanged because no strain hardening
Modulus of Resilience - The maximum elastic energy
occurs.
absorbed by a material when a load is applied.
Hypereutectic Alloys - Alloys above the eutectic
composition but containing at least some eutectic
N
microconstituent.
Hypoeutectic Alloys - Alloys below the eutectic
Natural ageing - Strengthening mechanism where a
composition but containing at least some eutectic
coherent precipitate forms from a solution-treated and
microconstituent.
quenched, age-hardenable alloy when held at room
temperature.
I
Non Ferrous alloy - An alloy based on some metal other than
iron.
Impact Energy - The energy required to fracture a
Notch sensitivity - Measures the deleterious effect of a
standard specimen when the load is applied rapidly.
notch, scratch, or other imperfection on a material's
Impact Test - Measures the ability of a material to absorb properties, such as toughness or fatigue resistance.
a rapidly applied load. Common tests are Charpy and
Izod.
P
Ingot Structure - The macrostructure, including the chill
zone, columnar zone, and equiaxed zone.
Phase - A material having the same composition, structure,
Inoculation - The addition of heterogeneous nuclei in a and properties everywhere under equilibrium conditions. A
controlled manner to increase the number of grains in distinctive part of a microstructure.
a casting.
Phase Diagram - Diagrams of temperature and Recrystallisation - A medium-temperature annealing heat
composition showing the phases and their boundaries. treatment designed to eliminate all of the effects of the
Unary: one component. Binary: with two components; strain hardening produced during cold working. The grain
Ternary: 3D plot of three components; lsomorphous: structure is altered as the temperature is sufficient for new
displays unlimited solid solubility. Isothermal plot: grains to nucleate and grow..
horizontal section through a ternary phase diagram.
Reduction in Area (RoA) - Total decrease in the
Physical Properties - Describe characteristics such as cross-sectional area of a specimen during the tensile test,
colour, elasticity, electrical or thermal conductivity, expressed as a percentage.
magnetism, and optical behaviour which are generally
Refrigeration - Used to delay the onset of age-hardening of
not influenced by forces acting on a material. solution heat-treated material; usually between -6 to -1O0C.
Pipe Shrinkage - A large conical-shaped void at the A work piece may be refrigerated for production control
surface of a casting caused by the volume contraction purposes. Avoids the start of natural age hardening.
that occurs during solidification.
Re-Heat Treatment - Alloys which have been incorrectly
Plastic Deformation - The permanent deformation of a heat-treated can be re-solution treated and precipitation
material when a load is applied and then removed. treated to restore properties. If solution treatment has been
Poisson's Ratio - The ratio between the lateral and carried out at too high a temperature, the condition cannot
longitudinal strains during elastic deformation. be remedied by reheat treatment. Note: Clad material
should not be re-heat-treated.
Pouring Temperature - The temperature of the metal
when it is poured into a mould during casting. Residual Stresses - Stresses in a material produced during
processing which, rather than causing deformation of the
Precipitate - A solid phase that forms from the original
material, remain stored in the structure. Internal stresses
matrix phase when the solubility limit is exceeded.
can arise from quenching or in castings by solidification in
Control of the formation of precipitates produces
the mould. Castings have stresses set up by different
optimum dispersion strengthening.
cooling rates, consequently different shrinkage rates. They
Proof Strength - The yield strength (obtained graphically) are more significant in large castings and those with
which is the stress corresponding to a small specified adjacent thick and thin sections. When a metal has
amount of plastic deformation. Proof stresses are solidified, these stresses are in a state of equilibrium, so
commonly quoted as 0.2%PS, or occasionally that the dimensions of a casting will not alter under normal
0.1%PS. conditions. Machining or use at high temperature can
disturb the equilibrium state and cause distortion;
particularly undesirable for close tolerance items.
Q
Rivet Stock - Round bar or wire suitable for the manufacture
Quenching - Means of reducing the temperature after of rivets.
heat-treatment and retaining the required material Rupture Time - The time required for a specimen to fail by
structure. The quench media may be water (hot or creep at a particular temperature and stress.
cold), water-jet/spray, oil, forced-air, polymer solutions.
Wrought: Care is required that shaped components
S
(long and thin) and sheet materials do not distort
unacceptably. Castings & Forgings: Care may be
Screw Stock - Round bar or wire suitable for the manufacture
necessary owing to stresses occurring from different
rates of cooling in sections of different thickness. of screws by cold heading.
Normally hot-water quenched. Note: oil quench cannot Segregation - Composition differences in a material, often
be used where the alloy has been heated in a caused by insufficient time for diffusion during
salt-bath. There is fire risk when hot nitrate comes into solidification.
contact with oil. Shape-memory Effect - The ability of certain materials to
develop microstructures that, after being deformed, can
R return the material to its initial shape when heated.
Shate - Rolled material, normally between 4-6mm thickness.
Rapid Solidification Processing (RSP) - Methods used Intermediate between sheet and plate.
to produce unique material compositions and Sheet - A cold rolled product of rectangular section, over 0.2
structures by using unusually high cooling rates during mm, but not exceeding 6 mm thick; supplied flat in all
solidification. Powders produced by RSP (of which available conditions. It may be produced as strip and then
there are several techniques) can have alloying flattened and cut to length.
element levels higher than that possible by
Sheet Texture - Preferred orientation of grains obtained
conventional metallurgy (segregation effects in ingot).
during the rolling process.
They may also contain dispersed phases of very fine
ceramic particles (oxide dispersion strengthened Shot Peening - Introducing compressive residual stresses
'ODS' alloys), or combined with particulate into the surface of a part by bombarding the surface with
reinforcements for metal matrix composites. balls to produce localised plastic deformation. Residual
compressive stresses may improve the fatigue resistance.
Recovery - A low-temperature annealing heat treatment
designed to eliminate residual stresses introduced Solid Solution - A solid phase of uniform composition
during deformation without reducing the strength of the containing a more than one element.
cold-worked material. Solidus - The temperature below which all liquid has
completely solidified.
Solubility - The amount of one material that will completely
dissolve in a second without becoming a second phase.
Solution Heat-treatment - The first step in the Temper Designation - A shorthand notation using letters and
age-hardening heat treatment. The alloy is heated numbers to describe the processing of an alloy. H tempers
above the solvus temperature to dissolve any second refer to cold-worked alloys; T tempers refer to
phases and to produce a homogeneous single-phase age-hardening treatments. The numbers following the
structure. (1) initially increases the ductility of alloys letter denote the precise steps in achieving the temper.
and enables a certain amount of cold work to be
Tensile Strength - Stress that corresponds to the maximum
applied before natural ageing starts to harden the
load in a tensile test.
metal. (2) increases strength but not to the level
Tensile Test - Measures the response of a material to a
achieved by subsequent artificial ageing. Temperature:
slowly applied uniaxial tensile force. Provides values for
Maximum property improvement is attained when the
yield strength (YS); proof stress (PS) for a given
solution heat-treatment is within the specified
permanent plastic deformation offset, e.g. 0.2 or 0.1%;
temperature range: too low, mechanical properties will
tensile strength (UTS); modulus of elasticity (E); ductility
be below requirements; too high there is a risk of
cracking due to overheating. Time: Varies with loading (El%).
and spacing of the workload. Care is needed with Clad Thermal Conductivity - Measures the rate at which heat is
materials because the alloying constituents tend to transferred through a material.
diffuse from the core into the cladding, so affecting Thermal Shock - Failure of a material caused by stresses
corrosion resistance. In general, cast aluminium alloys introduced by rapid changes in temperature.
need to be solution heat-treated for longer periods
Thermal Stresses - Stresses introduced into a material by
than wrought aluminium alloys.
differences in the amount of expansion or contraction that
Specific Strength - The ratio of strength to density. Also occur because of the temperature change.
called strength-to-weight ratio.
Thixocasting (Rheocasting) - A process by which a material
Stabilising - The relief of residual internal stresses by is stirred during solidification. Produces a semi-solid (partly
heating to a predetermined temperature, then cooling liquid, partly solid) structure that behaves as a solid when
slowly. Stabilising is more widely applied to castings no external force is applied but flows as a liquid under
than wrought products. Temperature: depends on the pressure. Used to produce billet materials for subsequent
history of the metal and its intended service use. [See processing, e.g. die-casting.
also: Residual stresses].
Total Solidification Time - The time required for a casting to
Stiffness - A qualitative measure of the elastic solidify completely after it has been poured.
deformation produced in a material, e.g. a stiff material
Toughness - A qualitative measure of the impact resistance
has a high modulus of elasticity.
of a material; high resistance = tough.
Strain Hardening - Strengthening of a material by
increasing the number of dislocations with
U
deformation, or cold working. Also known as work
hardening.
Undercooling - The temperature to which the liquid metal
Strain Rate - The rate at which a material is deformed. A
must cool below the equilibrium freezing temperature
material may behave much differently if it is slowly
before nucleation occurs.
pressed into a shape rather than formed rapidly into a
shape by an impact, [See also: Superplasticity].
Strain-hardening Coefficient - The effect that strain has W
on the resulting strength of the material. A material
with a high strain-hardening coefficient obtains high Widmanstatten Structure - Precipitation of a second phase
strength with only small amounts of deformation or from the matrix when there is a fixed crystallographic
strain. relationship between the precipitate and matrix crystal
structures. Often needlelike or platelike structures. A
Strength-to-weight Ratio - The strength of a material
microstructural feature of some titanium alloys.
divided by its density; materials with a high strength-to-
weight ratio are strong but lightweight. Wire - A round, square or regular polygonal solid section of
not more than 10 mm diameter or width across flats
Stress Relief Anneal - The recovery stage of the
produced by drawing; usually supplied in coil.
annealing heat treatment, during which residual
stresses are relieved without reducing the mechanical Work Hardening - Strain hardening or cold working.
properties of the material. Wrought Alloys - Alloys that are shaped by a deformation
Strip - A cold rolled product of rectangular section process, e.g. extrusion, rolling, drawing, etc.
supplied in coil, over 0.2 mm thick, but not exceeding 3
mm thick.
Y
Superplasticity - The ability of a material to deform
uniformly by an exceptionally large amount without Yield Strength - The stress applied to a material that just
fracture (often several hundred percent). Careful causes permanent plastic deformation.
control of temperature, grain size, and strain rate are
required for a material to behave in a superplastic
manner. Some light-alloys are specifically denoted as
superplastic forming (SPF) grades.
T
Temper- describes the condition of a material, i.e. its
history of thermal or cold working. The temper has a
strong influence on the alloy characteristics.
Appendix D :
Multilingual Vocabulary
English French German Italian Spanish
Adhesion Adherance Haftvermogen Aderenza Adherencia
lncrudimento per deformazione
Age hardening Durcissement structural Aushartung Endurecimiento estructural
a freddo
Air quenching Trempe a I'air Luftabschrecken Tempra aH'aria Temple al aire
All-over marking Marquage continu Rollstempelung Marchiatura in continue Marcado continue
Alloy Alliage Legierung Lega Aleacion
Alloying element Element d'addition Legierungselement Effetto di pressa Elemento de adicion
Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Alluminio Aluminio
Aluminium alloy Alliage d'aluminium Aluminiumlegierung Lega di alluminio Aleacion de aluminio
Aluminium refined Aluminium raffine Reinstaluminium Alluminio raffinato Aluminio refinado
Anisotropy Anisotropie Anisotropie Anisotropia Anisotropia
Annealing Recuit Gluhung Ricotto Recocido
Anodising Anodisation Anodisation Anodizzazione Anodizacion
Artificial ageing Revenu Warmauslagerung Rinvenimento Revenido
Artificially aged Etat revenu Warmausgehartet State rinvenuto Estado revenido
As-quenched condition Brut de trempe Abgeschreckt Grezzo di tempra Bruto de temple
As-quenched condition Trempe fraiche Frische Abschreckhartung Tempra fresca Temple al agua
As-quenched temper Etat trempe Abgeschreckter Zustand Stato temprato Estado templado
Bar, Rod Barre Stab, Stange Barra Barra
Bend radius Rayon de pliage Biegeradius Raggio di piegatura Radio de plegado
Bend test Essai de pliage Biegeversuch Prova di piegatura Ensayo de plegado
Bending Cintrage Biegen Curvatura Doblado
Bevel welding bead Chanfrein (de soudure) Abschragung Smusso (di saldatura) Chaflan de soldadura
Blackening Noircissement Schwarzung, Triibung Annerimento Ennegrecimiento
Blank Flan Zuschnitt Flangia Pieza en bruto
Blankholder Serre flan Niederhalter Premilamiera Pisador
Blanking Decoupage sous presse Stanzen Tag Ib Corte a Ia prensa
Blister Soufflure Blase Soffiatura Burbuja
Bonding Collage Kleben lncollatura Pegado
Bow Fleche longitudinaie Langsdurchbiegung Freccia longitudinaie Flecha longitudinal
Brazing Brasage fort Hartloten Brasatura Soldadura fuerte
Brazing sheet ToIe pour brasure Lotblech Lastro per brasatura Chapa para soldar
Brittleness Fragilite Sprodigke Fragilita Fragilidad
Broken edge Bord irregulier Kantenrisse Bordo irregolare Canto irregular
Brushing Brassage Biirsten Spazzolatura Cepillado
Buckling Flambement Knicken lngobbamento Flameado
Buffing Polissage au disque Schwabbeln Pulitura con disco Pulido al disco
Burr Bavure Grat Bava Rebabas
Can stock ToIe pour boitage Dosenblech Lastra per lattine Chapa para latas de bebida
Cast Coulee Abgufi Lavorato Colada
Cast number Numero de coulee GuBnummer Numero di colata Numero de colada
Casting Moulage GuB Colata in stampo Fundicion
Casting alloy Alliage de moulage Gufilegierung Lega per colata Aleacion para moldeo
Chemical brightening Briilantage chimique Chemisches Glanzen Brillantatura chimica Abrillantado quimico
Chemical conversion Conversion chimique Chemische Kon version Conversione chimica Conversion quimica
Chemical polishing^ Polissage chimique Chemisches Polieren Pulitura chimica Pulido quimico
Circle Disque Ronde Dilatozione Disco
English French German Italian Spanish
Clad alloy Alliage plaque Plattierte Legierung Prodotto placcata Producto plaqueado
Clad sheet ToIe plaquee Plattiertes Blech Lastra placcata Chapa placada
Cladding Placage Plattierung Placcatura Plaqueado
Cladding blister Soufflure de placage Plattierblase Soffiatura di placcatura Burbuja de plaqueado
Clinching Clinchage Clinchen Aggroffatura Clisado
Clipping Ebarbage Entgratung Durezza Desbarbado
Coating Revetement Beschichten Rivestimento Revestimiento
Coil Bande Band Nastro Banda
Coil coating Revetement en bande Bandbeschichtung Rivestimento con nastro Revestimiento en banda
Coil crown effect Bombe d une bande Bandwolbung Tegolatura Abombado de un lado
Cold compression Compression a froid Koltstauchen Compressione a freddo Compresion en frio
Cold working Deformation a froid Kaltumformung De ormazione a caldo Deformacion en frio
Endurecinento por
Cold working, Strain hardening Ecrouissage Kaltverfestigung Campione
conformacion
Cold-drawn rod/bar Barre etiree a froid Kaltgezogene Stange Barra trafilata Barra estrada en frio
Continuous casting Coulee continue Stranggufi Colata Colada continua
Controlled atmosphere Atmosphere controlee Kontrollierte Atmosphare Atmosfera controllata Atmosfera controlada
Controlled stretching Traction controlee Kontrolliertes Recken Trozione controllata Traccion controlado
Convexity Convexite Konvexitat Convessita Convexidad
Cooling Refroidissement Abkuhlung Raffreddamento Enfriamiento
Corrosion Corrosion Korrosion Corrosione Corrosion
Crack Fissure RiG Cricca Fisura
Creep Fluage Plostisches Fliefien Scorrimento Flujo
Crevice corrosion Corrosion caverneuse Spaltkorrosion Corrosione interstiziale Corrosion cavemosa
Crevice corrosion Corrosion sous depot Belagkorrosion Corrosione da sollecitozione Corrosion por almacenmiento
Kritische
Critical quenching rate Vitesse critique de trempe Velocita critica di tempra Velocidad critica de temple
Abschreckgeschwindigkeit
Critical strain Ecrouissoge critique Kritischer Verformungsgrad lncrudimento Endurecinento critico
Cropping Eboutage Schopfen Sbavatura Despuntado
Crown Bombe Bombierung Bombato Abombado
Cutting Decoupage Schneiden Tomitura Cortado
Defect Defaut Qualitatsmangel Tranciatura Defecto
Degreasing Degraissage Entfettung Deformazione permanente Desengrasado
Dent Bosse, creux Einbeulung Ammaccatura Relieve, hueco
Desensitisation Desensibilisation Desensibilisierungsgluhung Semilavorato Desensibilizacion
Destructive test Essai destructif Zerstorungsprijfung Prova distruttiva Ensayo destructive
Diameter Diametre Durchmesser Detensionamento Diametro
Die Matrice Matrize Stampo Matriz
Die forging Matrigage Gesenkschmieden Stampaggio Matrizado
Die scores Rayure de filiere PreRriefen Striatura di filiera Rayado de hilera
Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion Diametro Difusion
Dilatation Dilatation Warmedehnung Diffusione Dilatacion
Direct extrusion Filage direct, Direktes Strangpressen Estrusione diretta Extrusion directa
Dissolution potential Potentiel de dissolution Auflosungspotential Potenziale di dissoluzione Potencial de disolucion
Draw bench Bancd'etirage Ziehbank Banco di trafila Banco de estirado
Drawing Emboutissage Tiefziehen lmballaggio lmbutitura Embuticion
Drawing Etirage Ziehen Trafilatura Estirado
Drawn tube Tube etire Kaltgezogenes Rohr Tubo trafilato Tubo estirado
Drawn wire Filtrefile Gezogener Draht FiIo trafilato HiIo trefilado
Ductility Ductilite Duktilitat Raddrizzatura Ductilidad
Duplex ageing Double revenu Stufenaushartung Disco Doble revenido
Dye penetrant test Essai de ressuage RiReindringprufung Prova di trasudamento Ensayo de resudacion
Dye penetrant test Ressuage Penetrationstest Prova liquidi penetranti Resudacion
Earing Comes d'emboutissage Zipfel Anisotropia Orejas de embuticion
Eccentricity Excentricite Exzentrizitat Eccentricita Excentricidad
Eddy current test Essai par courants de Foucault Wirbelstromprufverfahren Prova a correnti parassite Ensayo corriente de Foucault
Edge trimming Ebavurage Abgraten Entgraten Sbozzato carta Desbardado
Edge wave Bord long Randwelligkeit Bordo lungo Borde longitudinal
Electrical conductivity Conductivity electrique Elektrische Leitfahigkeit Conduttivita elettrica Conductividad electrica
Spezifischer elektrischer
Electrical resistivity Resistivite electrique Resistivita elettrica Resistidad electrica
Widerstand
Electrochemical brightening Brillantage electrochimique Eiektrochemisches Glanzen Brillantatura elettrochimica Abrillantado electroquimico
Elongation Allongement Dehnung Allungamento Alargamiento
Etching Attaque chimique Atzen Attacco chimico Ataque quimico
Etching Gravure (chimique) Chemische Gravierung lncisione (chimica) Grovado quimico
Corrosion exfoliante, Corrosion
Exfoliation corrosion Schichtkorrosion Corrosione a strati Corrosion exfoliante/escamosa
feuilletante
Expansion test Essai d'evasement Aufweitversuch (Rohr) Prova di svasatura Ensayo de abocardoniento
Extrudability Filabilite Verprelibarkeit lndoneita all'estrusione Extrusionabilidad
Extruded rod/bar Barre filee Stranggepreflte Stange Barra estrusa Barra extruida
Extruded section Profile file Vollprofil Protilo estruso Perfil
Extruded tube Tube file Stranggeprefltes Rohr Tubo estruso Tubo extruida
Extrusion Filage Strangpressen Estrusione Extrusion
Extrusion billet Billette de filage Preftbolzen Billetta estrusa Lingote de extrusion