Lidar Engineering: Introduction to Basic Principles

365 Pages·2023·13.002 MB·English

by  Gary G. Gimmestad, David W. Roberts

Lidar Engineering
Introduction to Basic Principles
GARY G. GIMMESTAD
Georgia Tech Research Institute
DAVID W. ROBERTS
MicroDynamics LLC
Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8EA, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India
103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467
Cambridge University Press is part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment,
a department of the University of Cambridge.
We share the University’s mission to contribute to society through the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521198516
DOI: 10.1017/9781139014106
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions
of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take
place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press & Assessment.
First published 2023
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
A Cataloging-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-0-521-19851-6 Hardback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9780521198516
Cambridge University Press & Assessment has no responsibility for the persistence
or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this
publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will
remain, accurate or appropriate.
Lidar Engineering
Explore the spectrum of lidar engineering in this one-of-a-kind introduction. For the
first time, this multidisciplinary resource covers all the scientific and engineering
aspects of atmospheric lidar – including atmospheric science, spectroscopy, lasers and
eye safety, classical optics and electro-optics, electrical and mechanical engineering,
and software algorithms – in a single comprehensive and authoritative undergradu-
ate textbook. Discover up-to-date material not included in any other book, including
simple treatments of the lidar crossover range and depolarization in lidar signals, an
improved explanation of lidar data inversion algorithms, digital signal processing
applications in lidar, and statistical limitations of lidar signal-to-noise ratios. This is
an ideal stand-alone text for students seeking a thorough grounding in lidar, whether
through a taught course or self-study.
Gary G. Gimmestad is an instructor in professional education at the Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, USA. He is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), the Optical Society of America (OSA), the American Association
for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and the Society of Photo-Optical Instru-
mentation Engineers (SPIE) and a Fulbright scholar. He has twice received Order of
Merit awards for service to the lidar community for organizing and presenting Lidar
Tutorials at International Laser Radar Conferences.
David W. Roberts is Chief Engineer at MicroDynamics LLC, Woodstock, Georgia,
USA. He worked for the Georgia Tech Research Institute’s (GTRI’s) Electro-Optical
Systems Laboratory for 30 years where he developed innovative atmospheric lidar
systems for measuring aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and optical turbulence.
Lidar Engineering
Introduction to Basic Principles
GARY G. GIMMESTAD
Georgia Tech Research Institute
DAVID W. ROBERTS
MicroDynamics LLC
Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8EA, United Kingdom
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India
103 Penang Road, #05–06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467
Cambridge University Press is part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment,
a department of the University of Cambridge.
We share the University’s mission to contribute to society through the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521198516
DOI: 10.1017/9781139014106
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions
of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take
place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press & Assessment.
First published 2023
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
A Cataloging-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-0-521-19851-6 Hardback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9780521198516
Cambridge University Press & Assessment has no responsibility for the persistence
or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this
publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will
remain, accurate or appropriate.
For Abbey, Allison, Lauren, Natasa, and Tiff
Contents
Preface pagexi
Glossary xiv
List of Abbreviations xx
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Atmospheric Lidar Technique 1
1.2 Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere 2
1.3 Atmospheric Lidar Applications 3
1.4 Book Contents and Structure 10
1.5 Further Reading 11
References 12
2 The Basic Lidar Models 13
2.1 Photon Statistics and SNR 13
2.2 The Lidar Equation 18
2.3 The Background Model 23
2.4 Example Lidar System 25
2.5 Further Reading 27
2.6 Problems 28
References 29
3 The Molecular Atmosphere 30
3.1 Overview of Atmospheric Scattering 30
3.2 Rayleigh Scattering 36
3.3 Molecular Energy Effects 42
3.4 Summary 59
3.5 Further Reading 61
3.6 Problems 62
References 62
4 Particles in the Atmosphere 65
4.1 Scattering Regimes 67
4.2 Aerosols 72
4.3 Clouds 79
viii Contents
4.4 Depolarization in Lidar Signals 80
4.5 Classifiers 92
4.6 Sun Photometry 98
4.7 Further Reading 108
4.8 Problems 109
References 110
5 Lidar Transmitters 113
5.1 Transmitter Components 113
5.2 Lidar Lasers 119
5.3 Laser Safety 136
5.4 The EARL Transmitter 139
5.5 Further Reading 141
5.6 Problems 141
References 141
6 Lidar Receivers and the Geometrical Function 143
6.1 Components of Lidar Receivers 143
6.2 Depolarization Lidar Receivers 150
6.3 The Geometrical Function 158
6.4 Further Reading 182
6.5 Problems 182
References 183
7 Optomechanics 184
7.1 Optical Instrument Materials 186
7.2 Mounting 189
7.3 Lidar Structures 197
7.4 Further Reading 202
7.5 Problems 202
References 203
8 Optical Detection 205
8.1 Basic Electronics 206
8.2 The Direct Detection Process 209
8.3 Analog Detection and SNR 213
8.4 Analog Detection Circuitry 219
8.5 Photon Counting 224
8.6 Coherent Detection 225
8.7 Photodetectors 229
8.8 Further Reading 243
8.9 Problems 244
References 244
Contents ix
9 Data Systems 246
9.1 Analog Data Systems 246
9.2 Photon Counting Systems 261
9.3 Hybrid Systems 266
9.4 Further Reading 266
9.5 Problems 266
References 267
10 Lidar Data Analysis 268
10.1 Preprocessing 268
10.2 Cloud and Aerosol Lidars 281
10.3 Elastic Backscatter Inversions 290
10.4 Further Reading 295
10.5 Problems 295
References 296
11 Applications 297
11.1 Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization 297
11.2 Wind Lidars 299
11.3 Rayleigh Lidar 307
11.4 Differential Absorption Lidar 310
11.5 Raman Lidar and HSRL 314
11.6 Resonance Fluorescence Lidar 318
11.7 Further Reading 320
11.8 Problems 320
References 321
Appendix A The Klett Retrieval 324
A.1 Elimination of an Unknown from the Lidar Equation 326
A.2 Transformation of the Lidar Equation to a Differential Equation 327
A.3 Solving for the Constant of Integration 331
A.4 Algorithms for Data Analysis 333
A.5 Spatially Variable Lidar Ratio 335
References 337
Index 338