Liberal Modernity and Its Adversaries

590 Pages·2007·4.37 MB·English

by  Zafirovski

Liberal Modernity and Its Adversaries
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Studies in Critical
Social Sciences
Series Editor
DAVID FASENFEST
Wayne State University
Editorial Board
JOAN ACKER, Department of Sociology, University of Oregon
ROSE BREWER, Afro-American and African Studies, University of Minnesota
VAL BURRIS, Department of Sociology, University of Oregon
CHRIS CHASE-DUNN, Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside
G. WILLIAM DOMHOFF, Department of Sociology, University of California-Santa Cruz
COLETTE FAGAN, Department of Sociology, Manchester University
MATHA GIMENEZ, Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder
HEIDI GOTTFRIED, CULMA, Wayne State University
KARIN GOTTSCHALL, Zentrum für Sozialpolitik, University of Bremen
BOB JESSOP, Department of Sociology, Lancaster University
RHONDA LEVINE, Department of Sociology, Colgate University
JACKIE O’REILLY, WZB, Berlin
MARY ROMERO, School of Justice Studies, Arizona State University
CHIZUKO URNO, Department of Sociology, University of Tokyo
VOLUME 10
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Liberal Modernity and
Its Adversaries
Freedom, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism
in the 21st Century
by
Milan Za(cid:2) rovski
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2007
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Cover design: Wim Goedhart
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ISSN: 1573-4234
ISBN:-13: 978 90 04 16052 1
ISBN-10: 90 04 16052 3
© Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior written permission from the publisher.
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Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to
The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910,
Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
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Contents
Chapter One Introduction .......................................................................... 1
Studying Liberal Society and Modernity .............................................. 1
Liberal Modernity: Realization of the Perennial Quest for Liberty ... 7
Concept and Reality of Liberal Modernity ............................................ 14
Dimensions of Liberal Modernity ....................................................... 15
Liberal Modernity and its Adversaries .............................................. 17
Liberal Society and Contemporary Western Civilization ............... 23
Liberalism: Idealism and Institutionalism of Liberty .......................... 24
Ideal and Social System of Liberty ..................................................... 26
The Ideal and Social System of Liberty, Equality and Justice ............ 29
Synthesis of Liberty and Equality: Freedom and
Egalitarianism .................................................................................... 29
Synthesis of Liberty and Justice: Freedom and Equity .................... 39
Chapter Two Liberal Society and Modernity: Ideals and Institutions
of Liberalism ................................................................................................. 45
General Considerations ............................................................................ 45
Integral Liberty .......................................................................................... 46
Integration of Economic and Social Liberty ...................................... 48
Integration of Negative and Positive Freedom ................................. 50
Integration of Formal and Substantive Freedom ............................. 54
Integration of Individual and Public Liberty .................................... 55
Social Foundations of Liberty .............................................................. 57
Liberal Egalitarianism: Comprehensive Social Equality and
Inclusion ................................................................................................. 61
Liberal Sociological-Economic Egalitarian Arguments ................... 62
Liberal and Other Egalitarianism ....................................................... 65
Integral Egalitarianism ......................................................................... 73
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vi • Contents
Liberal Justice: Universal Social Equity ................................................. 76
Liberal Sociological-Economic Justice Arguments ........................... 80
Liberal Democracy .................................................................................... 81
The Liberal System of Political Liberty, Equality and
Justice .................................................................................................. 81
Modern Democracy, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism .................... 83
Societal Pluralism ...................................................................................... 89
Political Pluralism ................................................................................. 91
Political Neutrality and Tolerance ...................................................... 92
Cultural Pluralism and Tolerance ...................................................... 104
Social Universalism ................................................................................... 110
Universalism, Particularism and Pluralism ...................................... 111
Individualism ............................................................................................ 116
Social vs. Atomistic Individualism ..................................................... 120
Individual Liberty, Universal Rights and Dignity ........................... 121
Other Principles and Institutions of Liberalism ................................... 126
Rationalism, Modernism, Progressivism and Optimism ................ 126
Liberal Humanism and Secularism .................................................... 130
Liberal Paci(cid:2) sm ..................................................................................... 136
Chapter Three Social Factors and Effects of Liberalism ............................. 147
The Sociological Constitution of Liberalism ......................................... 147
The Class Structure of Liberalism ....................................................... 149
The Historical Conjuncture of Liberalism ......................................... 156
Liberal Society’s Genesis and Evolution – Social Origins and
Development of Liberalism ................................................................. 166
The Enlightenment: The True Genesis of Liberalism and the
Project of Liberal Society ...................................................................... 171
Modern Enlightenment versus Medieval Darkness ........................ 172
Elements of Liberal Modernity in the Enlightenment ..................... 180
Enlightenment and the Conservative-Authoritarian
Reaction .............................................................................................. 183
The Enlightenment-Conservative Antinomies ................................. 188
The Enlightenment and Rationalism .................................................. 192
The Enlightenment and Integral Liberty ........................................... 198
The Enlightenment and Societal Modernism .................................... 205
The Enlightenment and Egalitarianism ............................................. 211
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Contents • vii
The Enlightenment and Liberal Democracy ..................................... 215
The “Neo-Enlightenment” ................................................................... 223
Strands and Instances of the Enlightenment ..................................... 231
The Enlightenment, the French/American Revolution and
Modern Liberalism ............................................................................... 237
Chapter Four Types of Liberalism .............................................................. 249
Classical Liberalism .................................................................................. 249
British and Continental-European Original Liberalism .................. 250
Liberty in Society ................................................................................... 253
A System of Liberty, Equality and Justice ......................................... 258
Classical Sociological Liberalism ........................................................ 261
Critiques and Revisions of Classical Liberalism .............................. 264
Contemporary Liberalism ........................................................................ 268
Modern American Liberalism ............................................................. 269
Economic Liberalism ................................................................................ 284
Classical Economic Liberalism ............................................................ 289
Contemporary Economic Liberalism ................................................. 297
Economic Liberalism and Historical Stages of Capitalism ............. 301
Economic Liberalism and Sociological Types of Capitalism .......... 304
Economic Liberalism and Comparative Capitalist Systems ........... 305
Social Liberalism ....................................................................................... 312
Political and Cultural Liberalism ........................................................ 312
Classical and Contemporary Social Liberalism ................................ 322
Neo-Liberalism: “New” Liberalism or Neo-Conservatism? ........... 324
Liberalism and Libertarianism ................................................................ 332
Partial and Extreme Economic “Liberalism” .................................... 333
Economic Non-Liberalism ................................................................... 340
Social Non-Liberalism .......................................................................... 344
Libertarianism versus Modernized Liberalism ................................ 349
Appendix: Other Classi(cid:2) cations of Liberalism ..................................... 352
Chapter Five Liberal Democracy: Political Liberalism ............................... 357
Liberalism and Democracy ...................................................................... 357
Liberal Democracy and its Adversaries ............................................. 358
The Liberal-Democratic Link and Its Detractors .............................. 359
Liberalization and Democratization ................................................... 367
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viii • Contents
Liberal Democracy and Political Liberty ............................................... 368
Formal and Substantive Political Liberty .......................................... 369
Constitutional and Liberal Democracy .............................................. 374
Positive and Negative Political Liberty ............................................. 379
Individual and Collective Political Liberty ....................................... 382
Liberal Democracy and Political Pluralism ........................................... 384
Political Pluralism and Freedom ......................................................... 384
Formal and Substantive Political Pluralism ...................................... 385
Liberal Democracy and Political Egalitarianism .................................. 395
Integral Political Equality .................................................................... 395
Liberal Democracy and Justice ................................................................ 411
Political Egalitarianism and Justice in Liberal Democracy ............. 411
Integral Political Justice ........................................................................ 414
Liberal Democracy and Political Universalism .................................... 420
Liberal Political Universalism and Inclusion vs. Illiberal
Particularism and Exclusion ............................................................ 420
Universalistic Political Culture ........................................................... 423
Modern Liberal and Illiberal Democracies and Universalism ....... 424
Liberal Democracy and Secularism ........................................................ 432
Formal Secularism: A Secular Liberal State ...................................... 434
Substantive Secularism: Secular Liberal Society .............................. 437
Liberal Democracy and Rationalism ...................................................... 443
Political Rationalism versus Economic Rationality .......................... 444
Public Use of Reason ............................................................................ 445
Liberal Democracy and Humanism ....................................................... 449
Liberal Democracy and Human Liberties, Rights and Life ............ 452
Liberal Humanism and the Welfare State ......................................... 455
Political Liberalism and the Welfare State ........................................ 462
Chapter Six Liberal Civil Society and Culture: Socio-Cultural
Liberalism ..................................................................................................... 473
Liberalism and Civil Society .................................................................... 473
Liberal Civil Society and Social Liberty ............................................. 475
Economic and Non-Economic Liberties ............................................ 476
Individual and Group Liberties, Rights and Identities ................... 480
The ‘Dark Side’ of Liberal Civil Society and Anti-Liberalism ........ 484
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Contents • ix
Liberal Culture .......................................................................................... 487
Enlightenment Culture ......................................................................... 487
Liberal Multiculturalism ...................................................................... 493
Moral Liberalism ....................................................................................... 498
Liberal Morality: Moral Liberty and Individualism ........................ 498
Liberal Moral Virtue ............................................................................. 504
Ethical Universalism and Humanism ................................................ 506
Ethical Rationalism ............................................................................... 510
Religious Liberalism ................................................................................. 516
Liberal Religious Freedom ................................................................... 516
Secular Civil Society and Culture ....................................................... 533
Chapter Seven Conclusion ......................................................................... 545
References ...................................................................................................... 553
Index ............................................................................................................... 571
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