Table Of ContentLecture-Tutorials
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pritooar n y prorheipbriotdesudtc otriiaonargn ee,t rsiyesvtoaerltm r,a nsmiinas nsfyio ornm
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PEARSON, ALLEWAARYNSI aNnGMd,a steArsitnrgo®an roeemx yc ltursaidveeom wanrekds
byP earEsdounc aItniocori.n t a,sff ilitahtUee. sSa .ni don/t ohrce orur nites.
Unleostsh eriwnidsiech aetreeaidntn yh, i rdt-rpaadretmyla orgokorsis ,c, o tnhsma atya ppear
in thwiosr akrt eh per opoeftr hteyri ers pectiavnead n orywe nfeerrtseot,n h ciersd -party
trdaemarlkosg,i,o c sonost,h teorrrad dreea srfseo dre monstorrda etsicvrepi uprtpiovsee s
only.r eSfuecrhae rnneoc iten st etnoid mepdal nysy p ornsshoeinpd,so ermeanutt,h orization,
orp romootfPi eoanr sporno'dsbu yct thosew neorfss u ch moarar nkryse ,l atiboentswheiepn
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TabolfeC ontents
TheN igShkty
Poist.i...o.n... ..................................................................................................................................1
Moti...o....n.... ...................................................................................................................................3
SeasonalSat r.s... ............................................................................................................................7.
Soalrv .sS lerdeaDla y.. ......................................................................................................._.. .. ....1 1
Ecltii.p..c.... .....................................................................................................................................1 3
StaCrhrt as. ..................................................................................................................................1. 9.
FundamenotfAa sltsr onomy
Kepl'seS recoLnawd. ...................••.• . . .• •.• • •..• •. . . ..••. .. • ..••. .. .•.. ...•..... ..•...... .......................................2.1
Kepl'seT rhiLrawd. . ....................••• • • •• .. •.••·• • ·•• .·• .• .•·. • •. •.• •. .. . ••. . ..•.•.... .....•.•.... ....•.. ............................2 5
Newotn'sL awa nGdr aivt.y... ...................................................................................................2.9....
Appeanratn Adb solMuatgnedi esto ufS ta.r....s... .....................................................................3...3 .
TheP ar.s.e.c... .........................................................................................................................3.. .7...
Parxaa lnlDdais ta.n..c....e..... .......................................................................................................4.1
SpectroPsacroap..l..il..c.a. .x.. .................................................................................................4.5.....
NatuorfLe i gihnAt s tronomy
Electrom(EaMg)Sn peetcitocrf Lui mg. h...t... .............................................................................4. .7.
TelescaonpEdea sr's tA thmopshe.r...e... .................................................................................5.. 1...
ObservtihnUegn ivewirtsMheu lptlTiee lesc....o..p....e....s.... .........:.. ...................................5...5. ....
LuminyoT,s eimtperaatnSudzi re.e. .,.. .......................................................................................6.1. .
BlackRbaoddiya. t.i..o..n.... .........................................................................................................65. ..
TypoefsS pec.t.r.a.. .................................................................................................................6.9... ..
LigahntAd t o.m.s. .......................................................................................................................7.1..
ObservtihnIegn visibleE-xMcoilteaacntuSdily noacnrrhs o tRraodni .at...i....o......n...... .........7..5..
AnalySzpienc.gt. .r..a.. ............................................................................................................8. ..1.. ..
DoppSlhei.r..f. ..t. ..................................................................................................................8.5.. ......
OurS olSayrs tem
TheC ausoefM ooPnh as.e..s.. ..........................................................................................9....1. .. ....
PredictiPnhga s.Me..o.s.o.. .n... .....................................................................................9.. .5... ..........
Patohft hSeu .n.. ........................................................................................................................9...9
Seas.o.n.s. ..................................................................................................1...0...3... ................ ........
ObserRveitnrgo gra.d.e.. ..M..o..t...i...o..n.. ...........................................................1....0... 9... .............
Eathr'sC hangSiunrfga. c.e. .........................................................1...1. .1.. .........................................
Greenhous..e.. ..E.f..f..ec..t... ...............................................................................1....1....5.. . .............
FormaotfPi loann ientt hsSe o lSayrs t.e.m. ..............................................1....2....1... ... ....................
SizUipnt gh Pel an.e.t.s. .............................................................................1...2...7... ........................
CompartihnSegu rfacoefPls a ns.e ..t.........................................................1...3...3... ........................
SunS i.z.e. ......................................................................................1..3..7.. . .......................................
StarGsa,l axainedsB ,e yond
H-RD iag.r.a.m. ..................................................1...4...1... . ...............................................................
StaFro rmaatniLdoi nf e.t.i.m.e..s.. .........................................1.4.3. ...................................................
BinaSrtya. r...s... ...............................................................................1..4..5. ......................................
DetecEtxitnrga Psloalnaweirtt tshh Deo ppMleetrh. o.d. ..............1.4.9. ...........................................
DetecEtxionpgl awintethth Tser anMseitth. o.d. ........................................15.5. ...............................
StlealErv uotli.o....n..... ...................................................................................................1...6..1.. .......
© 202P2e arsoEnd ucaItnico.n , LECTURTEU•T ORIFAOLRSI NTRODUCATSOTRRYO NOMY
FOURTEHD ITION
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-·
TabolfeC ontents
IV
MI"iywa yS ca,l..e,..,s, .. , . . ....,..,..,.., ,,,.,,.,..,., , , .,,,.,,,. ,, ...,. ., ,,, ,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,, ,,.,,,,,, . .,,... ,...,,.,,.. ., ....,10 . .3., .,.
l,
GalaxyC lacsasiotin.f .i..........,.... ........ ,.. ....,..,.......,,...., ,.. ..,....,.,.. . . . ... . ,...... ,....... ....... .... ... ...,,..... .1 ..7 ..
DarkMa tter·········... ............,..., .. . .....,...,.,.. . ..., .. ,... ..,.. ..,..... .... ..... ,.,,,, ,,,,.,,...,,,, .,,. ,. ...j.,,,,• ,• . ,,, ,,,, ,,, 1,,71
LookeitDn igasn tt Ob.j.e.,o,,..t,,,. ,a, .., ..,,... .. . ,.... ..,,..., ,.... ...,. ,. ., ,,,1•,, ,,•, •, ,•,,, •• ,•••, ,•,,, , • ,, •,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,.,, , 1,7 7
expanisono fte hU nlrave.e.. .....,. . .........,... ..,......, ,.. .. , . ... ... ........,,.. . .. .,.. .,.,....,..,., . . .., .. . .. .... ...,.,, .. , ..1 ,7 9
Hubbl-eLemtatLraa..w .. ..................,.... .......,.... .. ... ...........,.. ,.....,...,.,.....,,. . ,,...., ,.. .,,..., , .., ... .......1..8..1
MakingS esneo fte hU niveenrEdsxp ea ns..i.,.o ,,..n.. . ....,.. ,...........,..... ,.,. .... ........,........,1.. 8 ...........
Expasnoin,L ookbTaicm,kea snDdi sta.n.c.e.s. .........................................1....8.... .... .....................
Detcentgi xoEplawnieGttrhsa vltMaltolroonl.ae.ln. s.l..n,...,g.. . ,. . .., ,..,. . ...., ......,. .... ... .,..... . ......1...9 .1.
TheB iBgan g. ...........................,.1.. 1.1.1.•• ,,.••1 •.1•1 . •,1•,.1••,,,••1, ••, •• ••,1•• , •••1 ••1 ••,,,•••,, • •,•, .•,,,•,, •,• ,•, , . • , ,, , • 1, 79 ,
© 202P2e arsEodnu caItnico.n , LECUTRE-TTUORIALSF ORI NTROOUCTAOSRYT RONOMY
FOURTEHD ITION
Preface V
tn1truPcrteofra'c1e
Eacyhe aorv,e2 r6 0,s0t0u0d teanktIesn trodausctotrmooyrn-yeh rearfteefre troer se d
Ast1r0o1t :hm ea joorfti hteyss teu daernneto sn -scmiaejnoMcroesa a.tr t ea kAsitnrg1a 0 1
tof ulafu inlilv esrcsiiertneycq eu iraenmmdea nntay,p prosaccihew nitcesoh m em ioxf
feeanrdd i sinTtheterr easndtai.alt p iporotaohc ehls pt udleenathm.a bee etnoe mphasize
creaatniedvn eg agliencgt tuarkgefi sun,al dlv anotfbaot ghde e monstarnaadtw ieons
Inspaisrtiornmogin cIamla gHeosw.vee ,ra g rowbiondogyfe videinances troannodm y
physeidcusic oarnte seadrecmho nasttetrshe avte tnhm eo spto pualnaedrn gaglienctgu res
do ennogte ntdhdeeer p otflh e arfnoiwrnh gif cahc ualptpyr opariimRa.it geolrryeo usse arch
Insttou d!eenatr tneilunsltg sh oantce r itfiaccmatilos rs firnotgmh t er adilteictounrael- based
classrIotsoh amebs l tloIl nttye lleencgtasugtaeul dlIeyncn otlsl abloeraarnteiinnvvgei ron
menwthse trheec yo nstructu ntdheerisrtw ahoniwwdlnoie rn kgti hnrgoa ucgthi ve-learning
activTihtiIisbse e sse.tx preisnts hemeda nt"rIant:o'w tsh attht ee acdhoeetrsh maattt ers;
ratIh'tewsr h atth e stduotd hemanattt st ers."
LectTuurteo-riIanltsr ofdAousrct trmooyryhn aobse edne velionrp eesdp otnots hee
demafnrdoa ms troinnosmtyr fuocerta osirimslp yl emaecnttievde -alcteiavrfinotIirinn etgse
gratIinoetnxo i sctoiunrsgst er ucRtautrhteehsra.a n s kifnagc ultsyt-uatdnsed-nc toon vert
toa ne ntinreewcl oyu rsster ucotuuarrp ep,ro Iandc ehv elLoepcitnugr e-wTautost orials
crecaltaes sroomma-treertaioada uylg sm etnrta dilteicotnAuanrloye f s .at chtei ivnti htiise s
manucaalbn e i nsearttte hdee n odfl ectpurrees entaantbdie ocnaosuft,s h eee d ucation
reseaprrcohg ralme tdtot h haaect t ivdietvieelso'wp ema ernceto ,n fiidanes nste rttihnagt
thaec tivwiiltleilate dods e epaenrmd o reen dusrtiundgue nndte rstatnhcdeoi nncge potfs
addsrseed.
EacLhe ctTuurteo-prrieaslae s nttrsu csteurroiefqed us e stdieosnisgt nohe edls pt udent
confarnordne ts oclovnec eapntrdue aals odniiffnigc Cuolntfireodsni.tff iincoguf ltteine s
meanasn sweqruiensgti inocnosr rtheiicesstx lpye;c Wtheedtn.h h iasp petnhasec, t ivities
makues oefa dditqiuoensatolirs o intsu sattueddde enbta dteessi gtnohe edlas p t udent
underswthaenhredeor rh irse asowneinwntrg o anngtd o d evealm ooprt eh oruonudgehr
stanadsia nr ges Tuhletr.e wfhoircleoe,m pltehtaeic ntgi vsittuidaeersnee,tn sc ourtaog ed
focmuosr oent heriera soannildne gso nst rytiogn uge asnse xpecatnesdwT ehrae.c tivi
tiaerse mteoba enc to mpleted by sitnpu adiwerhns"ot t sao luwkto "ra kntishnwegei rrs
anrde asowniitnhg eacmha koteth heteihrri ntekoxi pnlgi cit.
Att hceo ncloufes aicoLhne cture-iTnusttoraruriceeatn loc,ro su rtaoeg negdat ghee ir
claisnasb rideifs cuasbsoituohtnpe a rticduilffaicrcolunylc tei pntth asec tiviotnyl.i nTeh e
InstruGcuti1oda erl'spsor ov"ipdoeusstt o-rqtiuaels"tt ihocanatbsn e u setdog autghee
effectoifvt ehLene ecstsTu urteo-breifaomlro ev ionntg on ewm aterial.
Uniqtuote h fiosu ertdhi toifLo enc ture-foTrIu nttorroidaulcst oarryse e Avsetnr onomy
new acftoicvuiostnii entsgon pofitoc usin ntd h teh ierddi tiona.l l-Tanhceetwsiw eve irtei es
speicciacflhloyst eofin lg la pfsr otmht eh ierddi trieogdnai rntghm eo scto mmont opics
tauignah ntA st1r0ac1 ourAssae r .e stuhletar,ren e o nwe wa ctitvhifatotic eusms o roen
varitooupsiI ctns'o.swp o sstiocb olpmel emyeonutr inwsitttrhhu"e cO tbisoetnrvh ien g
UnivewrisMteuh l tTiepllees c"oOpbesse,tr"hv Iein nvgi sibleE-xMcoilteaacntudil oanrs
SycnhroRtardoina "tFioornm,oa"ft ioPnli antn hSeeot lsSa yrs t"eSmi,z"Uip tn hgPe l anets,"
"CompatrhiSenu grfa coefPs l ane"tDse,te"Ec xtoipnlgwa inttehhtTe sr anMseittha ondd"
"DeteEcxtoipnlgaw niteGhrt asv itMaitciroonlaLelen cstiTunurgte"o- Trhieansleeswa . c tivities
1
1nstrcuacnt otgrohos t tpw:w/./psweoanrhighefroaerndo .nclIoinmns et rGuucittdohera 'ts
givdeest aiinlfeodr moanct liaosns room imapswl eealmslee vnitdaoetnfic oeetnffi h cea cy
ofs pecaicftiicv ities.
© 202P2e arsEodnu caItnico.n , LECTURE-TUTOFROIRAI LNSTR ODUCTAOSRTYR ONOMY
J
FOURTEHD ITION
vi Preface
havbee etnh rotuhsgeah m rei oguodsre veelnoctpy mctlhewa atus s etdoc retahtheei ghly
scucsefsauclt iovfti htfieirs etss,e coanndtd h ierddi tions.
Ina didtisoenv,ec rhaaln hgaevsbe e emna dteoy oufvrao raicttei fvriottmhip eer se vious
ediiotonfsL e�tuTreu-ritaolOsv.et rhl ees ste veralw ehy aevpaeer rsfe,od cr omnutoiuns
ansdy steremsaetairtccou h n ceorpv lawcheessr teu dsetnrtuswg igttlhhewe o rgdo ifn
queosntosirs cenaprireosste enidtn hLee ctTuuret-oaricalt ivAisat r ieesmsua.ln ty,
acteisfv romi tthiperv eioeudsin tshi aovbee enno tacbhlayn fgoetrdhf eo uerdtih.t In ion
pacrtuiltahrde,i agragmrsha,spa ,n adrt wohrakvb ee esni gniyfI imcpvarenotdtoh l elp
steundtsm akhea rd-toe-a vnpides rucaelpictzoumaplilldeyexm a osra ec cebslaseni d
eastiocoe mrp rehend.
Acknowledgments
Letcu-reTutofrioIarnl tsro duAcsttoormryoy wn adse veeldwo ipgtehn esrs ouuopprftr om
thNea tiSocniaelFn ocuen d(a#t0i7o1n,#5 9591572#293920,7 t7h5Je5e P)tr, uo lpsion
LabaotroNryA'SsEA xoplEaxnpelton Pr raotgirtoahSmep, i tEzdeurcn aa tniPdou b�l i
OutrehPa rcogrMaomnst,Sa tnaaUt nei vyet,rh sCeio tnceApsttuoramolyan nPdh yiscs
EdutcaiRoens ea(rCcAhP EtRe)at mh,Ue n iveorfAs riitzayon ntdah C,ee nter .f.o r
AstormoyEn duca(tCiAoENn)u .m erionudsi vciodnutarltisotb hupitrseo djt ehcrtoc urgrht rcal
asssemseannttd h nea tifoinealldg -o tfteh mseat tienrTihaelissne.d ilvisin dculIanugdrei d
BalCshai,Sj kaaB laau EerrBi,rk o TgotmB, r owDna,vB er unSienbga,s Ctoiremni er,
EriDno ktDeoruD,gu ncTahno,m False mBientHghu, f naJgoehKlne, l JlaenrLe,at n dato,
EdM urpEhryi,Ok ffae rdLaahrWlra,yt sBorni,la gnnear maJnunlK,ia am enetzky,
Paul RoWbaiynnSseco hnl,i nagnmMdao nlS,li ym oPna.rt icnuoltaerwlwoyert rhteyh e
exntseirveev iaenwsdsu ggesptrioovnbisydR eidcS ai rgbhaF urenDcahnL, o rza,n
JaneBlalielL eayu,rJ eonn Sest,eS vhea walnA,dl eSxt orwhriscc,oh n tikneuupastol nl y
outro eWsew. o ullidtk oae c knowMloelSdligyme ao nnd BAr.li nagnear fmoatrna nk ing
al eaderrosolhneti hpde e veloopfom neoenfm to roeft hnee awc tivInia tdideiwst.ei on,
mustth aNnakn Wchyi latnoTdne rnGao odwwihnho,e lupeswd i dtahty o--pduabyl ication
issiunper se veidoiutsai noDdne sb oHraarhd Sehne,r Kciinaonas niBdah na vPaunsih paraj
fohre lpuison ntg h niesew d itMioosintm. p ortawnewt ilstyhoe, x proeusarsp preciation
toa ll sotfu dtwehhnepot a st ientleya rvelenyrd suoirftoe hndest s uet oarniudan lsse lfishly
proveixdteednf seievdeb ack.
© 20P2e2a rson EdIuncca.ti on,
LECTURE-TUTORFIOARIL NSTR ODUCTOARSYT RONOMY
FOURTEHD ITION
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Preface vii
Notteot heS tudent
Welcotmote h set uodfay s tronYoomuy !aa broetu ot emobnaa gr rka sntdu odfty h ceo s
mosT.o h elypo bue tutnedre rstthateno dpo ifcy so ucro urwsee ,h carveea tthesides r ioefs
activciatlilLeeescd t ure-TuItneo arcaihca tlisyv.oi autr ye, asskheosdrte raio efqs u estions
thwatlr lelq uyiortueo w orIknc ollabowriatyhto lucorln a ssmtaoht eelyspo lue rna impro
taantn ddl ffclocnucleItpna t sst ronFoomeryv .eq ryu estIinto hnea scet ivIiIttsI i mepso,rt ant
thayto wur iotueat d etaalnlsewdTe hri.Is cs rltbleccaaluy soweul clelrt aibneul syi tnhge se
matertiosa tlusfd oyer x amIsIt.sa lsIom portbaencta upsaeort f t hlee amplrnogc Iess s
beianbgl teoe xprceosmsp lIedxeI anws r iting.
Wes troenngcloyu ragteoa cytoiuv elyI nce onmgpalgeteth ieanscgeit viItnci oelsl abora
tiwoint ahn otshteurd .Te hnept rocoefsds e ciphtehrqeiu negs tainondne sg otiaac toimng
monl angutaowg rei ytoeua rn swewrihsle lly po uun derstthcaeon ndc empotrdsee eply.
SpeciftihcLeae lcltyu,r e-aTrudete osriigatnloges id vy eo aus tartpionigtn ott h icnakr lelfyu
andta lk owtihteahrb soc uotn ceIpnat sst ronAobmoyve.elh la,v feu enx ploring astronomy!
-EdP ratGhienrBa,r lsseCnodleWinan,l laacnedJ, e ffA dasm
© 202P2e arsEodnu caItnico.n , LECTURE-TUTORIAFLOSRI NTRODUCTORY ASTRONOMY
FOURTH EDITION
- _j
Position
Itnh ciesl esepthlemaroled eEla,rI tssh t atiaonntdeh sryet aarrcaser rioedna s phetrhea t
rotaatbeoasun at x tihspa oti anttt hsNe o rtSht aIrnF. i g1ub reel owt,ws ot aAra sn,Bd ,
areea cshh owantf oduirf fpeorseint(t1i ,2o ,3n ,as n 4d)t hrowhuigchhe acsht wialrpl a ss
durtihncego urosfoe n ree volouftt hiceoe nl esspthieaIrlnae d.d iyotuirloo nca,t oinEon a rth
Itn hNeo rthHeermni spihsseh roewN no.tt eh oanttl hype o rtoiftho ecn e lessphtelrateth at
Iasb otvhehe o riizssoh no wn.
CeleSspthiearle
Rotation
Celestial
Sphere
···•.· ....
x
,,�,:�:····
c
Sphere
Rotation
Figu1r e
1)Its hheo riszhoonwa rn e pahly shiocrailoz rao nin m agipnlaatrnhyeea xtt efnrdosm
youorb serlvoicnagot niE oarnot uhtt ot hcee lesspthiearle ?
2)Cant hoeb sersvheorws nea es twahre init ls o cabteeldto hwhe o riWzhoyno ?rw hy
not?
3)Ise itShteaArr o rB e veirna nu nobserpvoasbiltIesif oo w,nh ?i pcohs ition(s)?
4)Wheans ttarr avferloasmp osibteilotonhw oe b servheorr'istz oaop no siatbiootvnhe e
obserhvoerri'izssto hnsa,tt ra irs oirsn egt ting?
5)Wheans ttarra vferloasmp osiatbiootvnhe oe b servheorr'itsz oaop no sitiotnh ebelow
obserhvoerri'izssto h na,t stoarsr e ttriinsgi?ng
© 202P2e arsEodnu caItnico.n , LECTURE· TUTOFROIRAI LNST RODUCTORY ASTRONOMY
FOURTEHD ITION
2 Position
6)SatrA i jsu svti saibbolyveoe ue ra srnt heozroina tPo siiot1nA. t w hiocfth h neu mbered
posiiotnisisj tu vsits aibbolyveoe uw re stheorzronin ?
7)Atw hipcohs itiiafonn yd(,os eS)st, Ba r ri asnesd e t?
8)Twos tudaerndeti ss cnugts hseaiinrs wteoQr use osnt7 i.
Stude1n:tL ocastB i1ao nnBd3 a roenm yh orizboenc atuhseaeyr r ei sainndg
setjtuilsnitgAk ea1 n Ad3 .
Stude2n:tF ig1us reh otwhsa tB J Sasts la oraw si wtill g ewth einit js u asbto tvhee
northheornr iazto SnB o4S .tB an re vgeoreb se ltohwhe o rizon.
Doy oaug roerde i sawgireteihet ohrbe orto hft hset udeEnxtpsly?ao iurnre asoning.
9)Labtehlde i recntoirsotonhus,et ah,s, t awnedso tnF ig1u.Cr hee ycoku arn swweirt h
anotghreoru p.
10F)oera cihn dicpaotseiddte isocnwr,hi ebirente h sek yyo muu slto otkos eteh set ar
att htaitm e.d eEsaccrhri epqtuitiowrnpoe i se coefis n formtahdteii roenyc:ot uion
must (fnaocnreot rht,h eeaasesttt,ca, .n h)do wf aarb otvhehe o riyzoomunu slto ok
(lohwi,go hrd, i reocvtelryh Ieyfao du) .c saentenh oet stare,x psltiTachtieet ltyh.a t
desciroinfpsoft ro puors itairgoein vsae sen x amples.
a)A1 :e aslto,w
b)A2:
c)A3:
d)A4:
e)NortSht anro:rth hi,g h
f) 81:
g)82d:i reocvtelryh ead
h)83n:o rthhwiegsht,
i)84:
Cheycoku arn swweiratsn h e argbryoa unprd e soalnviyen consistencies.
11D)oeSst a8er v esre t?
© 202P2e arsEodnu cation, Inc.
LECTURE-TUTOFROIARIL NSTR ODUCTOARSYT RONOMY
FOURTEHD ITION
