Learning Object-Oriented Programming in C# 5.0

671 Pages·2014·7.943 MB·English

by  B. M. Harwani

Learning
Object-Oriented
Programming
in C# 5.0
B. M. Harwani
Cengage Learning PTR
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Today, the Internet is the most powerful source of information
thanks to the amazing efforts of many, including the following:
n Vinton Cerf, American Internet pioneer, who is recognized
as the father of the Internet
n Robert Kahn, American engineer who, along with Vinton
Cerf, invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and the Internet Protocol (IP), the communication
protocols used on the Internet
n Tim Berners-Lee, British computer scientist also known
as the inventor of the World Wide Web (WWW)
I dedicate this book to them and to my mother, Nita Harwani.
The person I am today is a product of the moral
values she taught me.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Heather Hurley, product manager at Cengage Learning, for believing
in me and giving me an opportunity to create this work.
Thank you to Karen Gill who, as my project editor and copy editor, offered a signifi-
cant amount of feedback that improved the chapters. She did first-class structural
and language editing and played a vital role in improving the quality of informa-
tion. I appreciate her efforts in enhancing the contents of this book and giving it a
polished look.
I must thank Joshua Smith, the technical editor, for his excellent, detailed reviewing of
the work and the many helpful comments and suggestions he made.
A great big thank-you to the editorial and production staff and the entire team at
Cengage Learning who worked tirelessly to produce this book. I enjoyed working with
each of you. Thanks, too, to MPS Limited for making the book look good on pages.
I also want to mention my family, my small world. To my wife, Anushka, and my
wonderful children, Chirag and Naman, thank you for inspiring and motivating me
and above all for forgiving me for spending so much time on my computer.
Speaking of encouragement, I must mention my dear students, who have been a good
teacher for me. Their interesting problems and queries help me write books with a
practical approach.
iv
About the Author
B. M. Harwani is the founder and owner of Microchip Computer Education (MCE),
based in Ajmer, India, which provides computer education in all programming and
web developing platforms. He graduated with a BE in computer engineering from
’
the University of Pune, and he has a C Level diploma (Masters diploma in computer
technology) from DOEACC, Government of India. As a teacher for more than
20 years, he has developed the art of explaining even the most complicated topics in
a straightforward and easily understandable fashion. His published books include
Foundation Joomla published by FriendsOfED, jQuery Recipes published by Apress,
Core Data iOS Essentials published by Packt, Introduction to Python Programming
and Developing GUI Applications with PyQT published by Cengage Learning, Android
Programming Unleashed published by Sams Publishing, The Android Tablet
’ ’
Developers Cookbook (Developers Library) published by Addison-Wesley Profes-
sional, and UNIX & Shell Programming published by Oxford University Press, USA.
To learn more, visit his blog at http://bmharwani.com/blog.
v
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiv
Chapter 1 The .NET Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
C#Introduction....................................................1
.NETFrameworkStructure...........................................2
CommonLanguageRuntime(CLR) ................................. 4
CommonTypeSystem ........................................... 5
CommonLanguageSpecification .................................. 5
AssemblyUse .....................................................5
VisualStudioIDEOverview ..........................................7
VisualStudioInstallation ............................................8
RunningaC#Program..............................................9
UsingtheVisualStudioIDE ...................................... 10
UsingtheCommand-LineCompiler................................ 17
Line-by-LineExplanationofCode ....................................18
ModificationoftheMain()Method..................................20
Summary........................................................22
Chapter 2 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
IdentifiersandKeywords...........................................24
Variables........................................................25
Constants .......................................................26
PredefinedDataTypes.............................................26
PredefinedValueTypes ............................................28
vi
Contents vii
IntegerTypes ................................................. 28
Floating-PointTypes............................................ 29
DecimalTypes................................................. 30
CharacterTypes ............................................... 31
BoolTypes.................................................... 32
NullableTypes....................................................32
PredefinedReferenceTypes.........................................34
ImplicitlyTypedVariables ..........................................37
ImplicitConversion............................................. 39
ExplicitTypeConversion......................................... 39
ReferenceTypes ..................................................40
Boxing..........................................................41
Unboxing .......................................................41
TheisOperator................................................ 42
TheasOperator ............................................... 43
Streams.........................................................43
MethodsDefinedbystreamClass ................................. 44
ThePredefinedStreams......................................... 45
ConsoleI/O ......................................................45
SendingOutputtotheConsole................................... 45
ReadingInputfromtheConsole.................................. 48
CommentUse....................................................51
WindowsFormApplication .........................................52
Summary........................................................59
Chapter 3 Operators and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Operators .......................................................61
PrecedenceandAssociativity........................................62
AddingParentheses ............................................ 63
ThetypeofOperator ........................................... 64
ThesizeofOperator............................................ 64
CheckedandUncheckedOperators................................ 65
ArithmeticOperators..............................................67
IncrementandDecrementOperators .............................. 67
SignOperators ................................................ 68
RelationalOperators ..............................................70
EqualityOperators ................................................71
LogicalBooleanOperators..........................................72
LogicalBitwiseOperators...........................................73
ShiftOperators...................................................74
AssignmentOperators .............................................77
CompoundAssignmentOperators ................................ 77
viii Contents
TernaryOperator(ConditionalOperator)..............................80
TheMathClass ...................................................81
Summary........................................................83
Chapter 4 Decision-Making and Looping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
ConditionalStatements ............................................85
Theif-else-ifStatement ......................................... 86
TheswitchStatement........................................... 90
TheConditionalOperator ..........................................94
Loops...........................................................96
ThewhileLoop................................................ 96
Thedo-whileLoop ............................................. 99
TheforLoop................................................. 101
ThecontinueStatement...........................................104
ThegotoStatement..............................................106
Enumeration....................................................109
Summary.......................................................111
Chapter 5 Arrays and Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
UsingArrays ....................................................114
One-DimensionalArrays........................................ 114
MultidimensionalArrays ....................................... 119
UsingStrings....................................................122
PassingCommand-LineArgumentstoMain() .........................135
UsingStringBuilder...............................................135
UsingArrayList ..................................................140
Summary.......................................................148
Chapter 6 Methods and Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Methods .......................................................149
ReturnStatement............................................. 151
MethodParameters ........................................... 151
MethodInvocation............................................ 151
MethodOverloading .......................................... 153
OptionalandNamedParameters ...................................157
C#ParameterModifiers...........................................159
PassingByValue.............................................. 160
PassingByReference .......................................... 161
UsingOutputParameters....................................... 162
SendingVariableLengthParameters ............................. 164
Contents ix
YourOwnType:Structures ........................................165
UsingPropertieswithStruct .................................... 168
DefiningArraysinStructures.................................... 169
UsinganArrayofStructures .................................... 172
NestedStructs...................................................174
DateandTimeStructure ..........................................179
UsingtheDateTimePropertiesandMethods....................... 179
UsingTimeSpan .............................................. 183
FormattingDatesandTimes .................................... 184
CustomDateandTimeFormatting............................... 184
StandardDateandTimeFormatting.............................. 188
Summary.......................................................191
Chapter 7 Classes and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Class...........................................................193
ThenewOperator ............................................ 195
PublicMembers .............................................. 195
DifferenceBetweenaStructandaClass........................... 197
MethodsDefinedinaClass ..................................... 197
PrivateMembers.............................................. 199
ParameterPassingbyValueandReference ........................ 201
OutputParameters............................................ 202
MethodOverloading .......................................... 204
Encapsulation...................................................205
UseofProperties ................................................206
ThethisKeyword ................................................210
Constructors ....................................................212
DefaultConstructors........................................... 213
ParameterizedConstructors..................................... 215
CopyConstructors............................................. 219
ConstructorOverloading ....................................... 221
ConstructorChaining.......................................... 224
GarbageCollection...............................................227
StaticClassesandMembers........................................228
Namespace .....................................................232
NamespaceImporting ......................................... 235
NamespaceNesting ........................................... 237
NamespaceAliasCreation ...................................... 238
InternalModifier ................................................240
Summary.......................................................241