Learning and Behavior PDF
Preview Learning and Behavior
2 3 Seventh Edition LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR James E. Mazur Southern Connecticut State University 4 First published 2013, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2013, 2006, 2002 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover Image: © Brian Finestone/Fotolia Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text and on pages 395–396. ISBN: 9780205246441 (hbk) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mazur, James E. Learning and behavior / James E. Mazur. —7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-24644-1 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-24644-3 (alk. paper) 1. Learning, Psychology of. 2. Conditioned response. 3. Behavior modification. 4. Psychology, Comparative. I. Title. BF318.M38 2013 153.1’5—dc23 2011036784 5 In memory of my parents, Ann and Lou Mazur, who responded to my early interests in science with encouragement, understanding, and patience. 6 CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1 HISTORY, BACKGROUND, AND BASIC CONCEPTS The Search for General Principles of Learning The Associationists Aristotle The British Associationists: Simple and Complex Ideas Ebbinghaus’s Experiments on Memory The Effects of Repetition The Effects of Time The Role of Contiguity The Influence of the Associationists and Ebbinghaus Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Learning The Use of Animal Subjects The Emphasis on External Events The Physiological Approach: Brain and Behavior The Basic Characteristics of Neurons Physiological Research on Simple Sensations Physiological Research on Feature Detectors Physiological Research on Learning Summary Review Questions Chapter 2 INNATE BEHAVIOR PATTERNS AND HABITUATION Characteristics of Goal-Directed Systems Reflexes Tropisms And Orientation Kineses Taxes Sequences of Behavior Fixed Action Patterns Reaction Chains 7 Innate Human Abilities And Predispositions Habituation General Principles of Habituation Physiological Mechanisms of Habituation Habituation in Emotional Responses: The Opponent-Process Theory Summary Review Questions Chapter 3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Pavlov’s Discovery and its Impact The Standard Paradigm of Classical Conditioning The Variety of Conditioned Responses Pavlov’s Stimulus Substitution Theory S-S or S-R Connections? Basic Conditioning Phenomena Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery, Disinhibition, and Rapid Reacquisition Conditioned Inhibition Generalization and Discrimination The Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning CS–US Correlations Higher Order Conditioning Classical Conditioning Outside the Laboratory Classical Conditioning and Emotional Responses Classical Conditioning and the Immune System Applications in Behavior Therapy Summary Review Questions Chapter 4 THEORIES AND RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Theories of Associative Learning The Blocking Effect The Rescorla–Wagner Model Other Theories Summary Types of Associations Associations in First-Order Conditioning 8 Associations in Second-Order Conditioning Associations with Contextual Stimuli CS–CS Associations Occasion Setting Summary Biological Constraints On Classical Conditioning The Contiguity Principle and Taste-Aversion Learning Biological Preparedness in Taste-Aversion Learning Biological Preparedness in Human Learning Biological Constraints and the General-Principle Approach The Form of the Conditioned Response Drug Tolerance and Drug Cravings as Conditioned Responses Conditioned Opponent Theories Physiological Research On Classical Conditioning Summary Review Questions Chapter 5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING The Law of Effect Thorndike’s Experiments Guthrie and Horton: Evidence for a Mechanical Strengthening Process Superstitious Behaviors The Procedure of Shaping, or Successive Approximations Shaping Lever Pressing in a Rat Shaping Behaviors in the Classroom Shaping as a Tool in Behavior Modification Making Shaping More Precise: Percentile Schedules Versatility of the Shaping Process The Research of B. F. Skinner The Free Operant The Three-Term Contingency Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning Resurgence Conditioned Reinforcement Response Chains Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning 9 Instinctive Drift Autoshaping Reconciling Reinforcement Theory and Biological Constraints Summary Review Questions Chapter 6 REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES AND APPLICATIONS Plotting Moment-to-Moment Behavior: the Cumulative Recorder The Four Simple Reinforcement Schedules Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval Extinction and the Four Simple Schedules Other Reinforcement Schedules Factors Affecting Performance on Reinforcement Schedules Behavioral Momentum Contingency-Shaped versus Rule-Governed Behaviors Reinforcement History Summary The Experimental Analysis of Reinforcement Schedules Cause of the FR Postreinforcement Pause Comparisons of VR and VI Response Rates Applications of Operant Conditioning Teaching Language to Children with Autism Token Reinforcement Token Reinforcement Behavior Therapy for Marital Problems Conclusions Summary Review Questions Chapter 7 AVOIDANCE AND PUNISHMENT Avoidance A Representative Experiment Two-Factor Theory Evidence Supporting Two-Factor Theory 10
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