Learn to program with Scratch: a visual introduction to programming with games, art, science, and math PDF
Preview Learn to program with Scratch: a visual introduction to programming with games, art, science, and math
S C C O AANN IILLLLUUSSTTRRAATTEEDD R V LL EE AA RR NN TT OO A E ((AANNDD PPAAIINNLLEESSSS)) T R C S GGUUIIDDEE TTOO H CCOOMMPPUUTTEERR PP RR OO GG RR AA MM WW II TT HH 2 LL SSCCIIEENNCCEE EE AA SS CC RR AA TT CC HH RR NN Scratch is a fun, free, beginner-friendly programming • Read, store, and manipulate user input T T A V I S UA L I N TR O D U C T I ON T O P R O G R A M MI NG environment where you connect blocks of code to build • Implement key computer science algorithms like linear OO W I T H G A M E S , A R T , S C I E N C E , A N D M A T H programs. While most famously used to introduce kids searches and bubble sorts to programming, Scratch can make computer science PP approachable for people of any age. Rather than type Hands-on projects will challenge you to create an RR M A J E D M A RJ I countless lines of code in a cryptic programming lan- Ohm’s law simulator, draw intricate patterns, program OO guage, why not use colorful command blocks and sprites to mimic line-following robots, create arcade-style cartoon sprites to create powerful scripts? games, and more! Each chapter is packed with detailed GG explanations, annotated illustrations, guided examples, RR In Learn to Program with Scratch, author Majed Marji lots of color, and plenty of exercises to help the lessons uses Scratch to explain the concepts essential to solving AA stick. Learn to Program with Scratch is the perfect place real-world programming problems. The labeled, color- MM to start your computer science journey. coded blocks plainly show each logical step in a given script, and with a single click, you can even test any WW part of your script to check your logic. You’ll learn ABOUT THE AUTHOR how to: II Majed Marji is a senior development engineer at TT • Harness the power of repeat loops and recursion General Motors and an adjunct faculty member at HH Wayne State University in Michigan. He holds a PhD • Use if/else statements and logical operators to make in electrical engineering from Wayne State University S S decisions and an MBA in strategic management from Davenport CC University. • Store data in variables and lists to use later in your RR program AA TT CC HH THE FINEST IN GEEK ENTERTAINMENT™ www.nostarch.com M A $34.95 ($36.95 CDN) R J I LANGUAGESCOMPUTERS/PROSHELVE IN: G RAM M IN G Learn to Program with Scratch L e a r n t o P r o g r a m w i t h S c r a t c h a Visual introduction to Programming with games, art, Science, and math by Majed Marji San Francisco Learn to Program with Scratch. Copyright © 2014 by Majed Marji. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN-10: 1-59327-543-9 ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-543-3 Publisher: William Pollock Production Editor: Alison Law Cover Illustration: Tina Salameh Developmental Editor: Jennifer Griffith-Delgado Technical Reviewer: Tyler Watts Copyeditor: Paula L. Fleming Compositor: Lynn L’Heureux Proofreader: Kate Blackham For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly: No Starch Press, Inc. 245 8th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 phone: 415.863.9900; [email protected]; www.nostarch.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marji, Majed, author. Learn to program with Scratch : a visual introduction to programming with games, art, science, and math / by Majed Marji. pages cm Audience: 11+ ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-543-3 (paperback) ISBN-10: 1-59327-543-9 (paperback) 1. Scratch (Computer program language) 2. Computer programming. 3. Computer games--Programming. I. Title. QA76.73.S345M38 2014 794.8'1526--dc23 2013043492 No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. about the author Majed Marji holds a PhD in electrical engineering from Wayne State Uni- versity and an MBA in strategic management from Davenport University. He has over 15 years of experience in the automotive industry, where he developed many software applications for real-time data acquisition, device control, test-cell management, engineering data analysis, embedded con- trollers, telematics, hybrid vehicles, and safety-critical powertrain systems. Dr. Marji is also an adjunct faculty member with the Electrical Engineering Department at Wayne State University. He has taught courses on communi- cation engineering, machine vision, microprocessors, control systems, and algorithms and data structures, among other topics. about the technical reviewer Tyler Watts, EdS, is a creative-computing educator who teaches sixth through eighth graders in Kansas City (Kansas) Unified School District 500 and adult students at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. He has been using Scratch since 2009 as a tool to combat the digital divide and teach students how to think like computer scientists. Since Tyler’s first year of teach- ing Scratch, he has learned the importance of weaning learners off of the “Scratch training wheels” and challenging them and molding them into digital creators. He feels that programming is a form of personal expres- sion and teaches his students to approach it as they would any other art form and have fun. Brief contentS Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii Chapter 1: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter 2: Motion and Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Chapter 3: Looks and Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Chapter 4: Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Chapter 5: Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Chapter 6: Making Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Chapter 7: Repetition: A Deeper Exploration of Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Chapter 8: String Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Chapter 9: Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Appendix: Sharing and Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 con tentS in De taiL acknowLedgmentS xv introduction xvii Whom This Book Is For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii A Note to the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii Organization of This Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Conventions Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx Errata and Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx 1 getting Started 1 What Is Scratch? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Try It Out 1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Scratch Programming Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Try It Out 1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sprite List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Try It Out 1-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Blocks Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Try It Out 1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Scripts Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Try It Out 1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Try It Out 1-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Costumes Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Try It Out 1-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Sounds Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Try It Out 1-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Backdrops Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Try It Out 1-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Sprite Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Paint Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Setting the Center of an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Try It Out 1-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Setting Transparent Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Your First Scratch Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Step 1: Prepare the Backdrop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Step 2: Add the Paddle and Ball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Step 3: Start the Game and Get Your Sprites Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Try It Out 1-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Step 4: Spice It Up with Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Scratch Blocks: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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