Learn to Program with C: Learn to Program using the Popular C Programming Language

323 Pages·2015·3.36 MB·English

by  Noel Kalicharan

BOOKS FOR PROFESSIONALS BY PROFESSIONALS® THE EXPERT’S VOICE® IN PROGRAMMING
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Learn to Program with C h
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Learn to Program with C teaches computer programming to the complete beginner using the
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native C language. As such, it assumes you have no knowledge whatsoever about programming.

The main goal of this book is to teach fundamental programming principles using C, one of the
most widely used programming languages in the world today. L
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We discuss only those features and statements in C that are necessary to achieve our goal. a
Once you learn the principles well, they can be applied to any language. If you are worried that r Program C
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you are not good at high-school mathematics, don’t be. It is a myth that you must be good at

mathematics to learn programming. t
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C is considered a ‘modern’ language even though its roots date back to the 1970s. Originally,
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C was designed for writing ‘systems’ programs—things like operating systems, editors,
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compilers, assemblers and input/output utility programs. But, today, C is used for writing all
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kinds of applications as well—word processing programs, spreadsheet programs, database
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management programs, accounting programs, games, robots, embedded systems/electronics Learn to Program using the Popular
(i.e., Arduino), educational soft ware—the list is endless. r
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C Programming Language
• How to get started with programming using the C language m
• How to use the basics of C
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• How to program with sequence, selection and repetition logic
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• How to work with characters
Noel Kalicharan
• How to work with functions i
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• How to use arrays h

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IISSBBNN 99787-81--14-84428-4123-721-3872-8Shelve in:
Programming Languages/ANSI C
User level:
Beginning
9 781484 213728 SOURCE CODE ONLINE
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Learn to Program
with C
Noel Kalicharan
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Learn to Program with C
Copyright © 2015 by Noel Kalicharan
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ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-1372-8
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-1371-1
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To my daughters
Anushka Nikita
and
Saskia Anyara
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Contents at a Glance
About the Author �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv
About the Technical Reviewer �������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii
Acknowledgments ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xix
Preface �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxi
■ Chapter 1: Elementary Programming Concepts ����������������������������������������������������1
■ Chapter 2: C – The Basics ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
■ Chapter 3: Programs with Sequence Logic ���������������������������������������������������������47
■ Chapter 4: Programs with Selection Logic ����������������������������������������������������������65
■ Chapter 5: Programs with Repetition Logic ���������������������������������������������������������91
■ Chapter 6: Characters ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������141
■ Chapter 7: Functions �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������165
■ Chapter 8: Arrays ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������197
■ Chapter 9: Searching, Sorting, and Merging �����������������������������������������������������243
■ Chapter 10: Structures ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������279
Index ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������307
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Contents
About the Author �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv
About the Technical Reviewer �������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii
Acknowledgments ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xix
Preface �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxi
■ Chapter 1: Elementary Programming Concepts ����������������������������������������������������1
1.1 Programs, Languages, and Compilers ........................................................................1
1.2 How a Computer Solves a Problem ............................................................................3
1.2.1 Define the Problem ........................................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Analyze the Problem ......................................................................................................................4
1.2.3 Develop an Algorithm to Solve the Problem ..................................................................................4
1.2.4 Write the Program for the Algorithm ..............................................................................................6
1.2.5 Test and Debug the Program .........................................................................................................8
1.2.6 Document the Program..................................................................................................................9
1.2.7 Maintain the Program ....................................................................................................................9
1.3 How a Computer Executes a Program ........................................................................9
1.4 Data Types ................................................................................................................10
1.5 Characters ................................................................................................................11
1.6 Welcome to C Programming .....................................................................................12
1.6.1 Run the Program ..........................................................................................................................13
1.6.2 A Word on Program Layout ..........................................................................................................14
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■ Contents
1.7 Write Output with printf ........................................................................................14
1.7.1 The Newline Character, \n (backslash n) ....................................................................................15
1.7.2 Escape Sequences ......................................................................................................................16
1.7.3 Print the Value of a Variable .........................................................................................................16
1.8 Comments ................................................................................................................17
1.9 Programming with Variables ....................................................................................18
■ Chapter 2: C – The Basics ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23
2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................23
2.2 The C Alphabet .........................................................................................................24
2.3 C Tokens ...................................................................................................................24
2.3.1 Spacing Within a Program ...........................................................................................................25
2.3.2 Reserved Words ...........................................................................................................................27
2.3.3 Identifiers ....................................................................................................................................27
2.3.4 Some Naming Conventions..........................................................................................................28
2.4 Basic Data Types ......................................................................................................28
2.5 Integer Numbers - int .............................................................................................29
2.5.1 Declaring Variables ......................................................................................................................29
2.5.2 Integer Expressions .....................................................................................................................29
2.5.3 Precedence of Operators .............................................................................................................30
2.5.4 Print an Integer Using a “Field Width” .........................................................................................31
2.6 Floating-Point Numbers – float and double ........................................................33
2.6.1 Print double and float Variables ................................................................................................34
2.6.2 Assignment Between double and float .....................................................................................36
2.6.3 Floating-Point Expressions ..........................................................................................................36
2.6.4 Expressions with Integer and Floating-Point Values....................................................................37
2.6.5 Assigning double/float to int ..................................................................................................38
2.7 Strings ......................................................................................................................38
2.8 The Assignment Statement ......................................................................................41
2.9 printf .....................................................................................................................42
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■ Contents
■ Chapter 3: Programs with Sequence Logic ���������������������������������������������������������47
3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................47
3.2 Read Data Supplied by a User ..................................................................................47
3.3 scanf .......................................................................................................................50
3.3.1 Read Data Into a float Variable .................................................................................................52

3.3.2 Read Data Into a double Variable ...............................................................................................52
3.4 Read Strings .............................................................................................................54
3.5 Examples ..................................................................................................................55
3.5.1 Problem 1 - Average ....................................................................................................................55
3.5.2 Problem 2 - Square .....................................................................................................................56
3.5.3 Problem 3 - Banking ....................................................................................................................57
3.5.4 Problem 4 – Tickets .....................................................................................................................60
■ Chapter 4: Programs with Selection Logic ����������������������������������������������������������65
4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................65
4.2 Boolean Expressions ................................................................................................65
4.2.1 AND, && ........................................................................................................................................66
4.2.2 OR, || ............................................................................................................................................67
4.2.3 NOT, ! ...........................................................................................................................................68
4.3 The if Construct ......................................................................................................69
4.3.1 Find the Sum of Two Lengths ......................................................................................................72
4.4 The if...else Construct .......................................................................................75
4.4.1 Calculate Pay ...............................................................................................................................77
4.5 On Program Testing ..................................................................................................80
4.6 Symbolic Constants ..................................................................................................80
4.6.1 The #define Directive ..................................................................................................................81
4.6.2 Example – Symbolic Constants ...................................................................................................82
4.7 More Examples .........................................................................................................83
4.7.1 Print a Letter Grade .....................................................................................................................83
4.7.2 Classify a Triangle ........................................................................................................................85
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■ Contents
■ Chapter 5: Programs with Repetition Logic ���������������������������������������������������������91
5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................91
5.2 The while Construct ................................................................................................91
5.2.1 Highest Common Factor ..............................................................................................................96
5.3 Keep a Count ............................................................................................................97
5.3.1 Find Average ................................................................................................................................99
5.4 Increment and Decrement Operators .....................................................................100
5.5 Assignment Operators ............................................................................................101
5.6 Find Largest ...........................................................................................................102
5.7 Find Smallest .........................................................................................................105
5.8 Read Data from a File .............................................................................................106
5.8.1 fscanf ......................................................................................................................................108
5.8.2 Find Average of Numbers in a File .............................................................................................108
5.9 Send Output to a File ..............................................................................................110
5.9.1 fprintf .........................................................................................................................................111
5.10 Payroll ..................................................................................................................112
5.11 The for Construct ................................................................................................118
5.11.1 The for Statement in C ...........................................................................................................120
5.11.2 A Bit of Aesthetics ....................................................................................................................125
5.12 Multiplication Tables .............................................................................................125
5.13 Temperature Conversion Table .............................................................................129
5.14 Expressive Power of for ......................................................................................131
5.15 The do...while Statement ................................................................................132
5.15.1 Highest Common Factor ..........................................................................................................133
5.15.2 Interest at the Bank .................................................................................................................134
■ Chapter 6: Characters ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������141
6.1 Character Sets ........................................................................................................141
6.2 Character Constants and Values.............................................................................142
6.3 The Type char ........................................................................................................143
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6.4 Characters in Arithmetic Expressions ....................................................................143
6.4.1 Uppercase To/From Lowercase .................................................................................................144
6.5 Read and Print Characters .....................................................................................145
6.6 Count Characters ....................................................................................................152
6.6.1 Count Characters in a Line ........................................................................................................153
6.7 Count Blanks in a Line of Data ...............................................................................153
6.8 Compare Characters ...............................................................................................155
6.9 Read Characters from a File ...................................................................................156
6.10 Write Characters to a File .....................................................................................157
6.10.1 Echo Input, Number Lines ........................................................................................................157
6.11 Convert Digit Characters to Integer ......................................................................161
■ Chapter 7: Functions �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������165
7.1 About Functions ......................................................................................................165
7.2 skipLines ............................................................................................................166
7.3 A Program with a Function .....................................................................................167
7.3.1 The Function Header ..................................................................................................................168
7.3.2 How a Function Gets Its Data ....................................................................................................169
7.4 max .........................................................................................................................170
7.5 Print the Day ...........................................................................................................173
7.6 Highest Common Factor .........................................................................................175
7.6.1 Using HCF to Find LCM ..............................................................................................................177
7.7 factorial ..................................................................................................................178
7.7.1 Using Factorial ...........................................................................................................................181
7.7.2 Combinations .............................................................................................................................182
7.8 Job Charge .............................................................................................................184
7.9 Calculate Pay ..........................................................................................................185
7.10 Sum of Exact Divisors ..........................................................................................186
7.10.1 Classify Numbers .....................................................................................................................186
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