Leaf yield and polyphenols of artichoke

149 Pages·2011·2.76 MB·English

by  Ali, Sajid

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Harvest Frequency and Herbicide Stress
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L A thesis submitted for the requirement of doctoral degree in agriculture
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from Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences,
édition scientifique D
VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG Home Economics and Environmental Management
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A Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG
STAUFENBERGRING 15 ISBN: 978-3-8359-5783-1 S
D-35396 GIESSEN Cover photos:
© denira - Fotolia.com
Tel: [phone] Fax: -5599890
[email protected] © Andre - Fotolia.com
www.doktorverlag.de 9 783835 957831
édition scientifique
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1st Edition 2011
© 2011 by VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG, Giessen
Printed in Germany
édition scientifique
VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG
STAUFENBERGRING 15, D-35396 GIESSEN
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
email: [email protected]
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Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding I
Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
Prof. Dr. Bernd Honermeier

Leaf Yield and Polyphenols of Artichoke
(Cynara cardunculus L.) Influenced by
Harvest Frequency and Herbicide Stress

A thesis submitted for the requirement of doctoral degree in agriculture
from Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences,
Home Economics and Environmental Management
Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany

Submit ted by

SAJID ALI
Faisalabad/Pakistan
2011
Date of Defense: 17.06.2011

Examination Commission

Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Steffen Hoy
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bernd Honermeier
Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Guenter Leithold
Examiner: Prof. Dr. Matthias Frisch
Examiner: Prof. Dr. Diedrich Steffens
Dedicated to

MY LATE UNCLE

(MAQBOO L AHMAD)

who would have been the happiest person to see me reach this level.

Contents I
Contents
S. No. Title Page No.
i. Contents I
ii. List of figures IV
iii. List of tables VII
iv. List of appendices IX
v. List of abbreviations XI
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Uses and cultivation of artichoke 1
1.2 Literature review 3
1.2.1 Use of artichoke 3
1.2.2 Phenolic compounds 4
1.2.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence 6
1.2.4 Herbicides 8
1.2.5 Harvest frequency 9
1.2.6 Plant density 10
1.3 Hypotheses 11
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 13
2.1 Overview of the experiments 13
2.2 Harvest frequency field experiments 13
2.2.1 Soil conditions 13
2.2.2 Climate conditions 14
2.2.3 Design of the experiment 15
2.2.4 Study parameters 17
2.3 Herbicide field experiments 18
2.3.1 Soil conditions 18
2.3.2 Climate conditions 18
2.3.3 Design of the experiment 19
II Contents
2.3.4 Study parameters 20
2.4 HPLC analysis 21
2.4.1 Sample extraction 21
2.4.2 HPLC measurements 21
2.4.3 Quantification 23
2.5 Statistical analysis 25
3. RESULTS 27
3.1 Effect of harvest frequency 27
3.1.1 Field experiment Gross Gerau 2006 27
3.1.1.1 Growth and yield parameters 27
3.1.1.2 Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids 29
3.1.2 Field experiment Gross Gerau 2007 30
3.1.2.1 Growth and yield parameters 30
3.1.2.2 Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids 33
3.1.3 Field experiment Gross Gerau 2008 34
3.1.3.1 Growth and yield parameters 34
3.1.3.2 Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids 37
3.2 Effect of herbicides 38
3.2.1 Field experiment Giessen 2006 38
3.2.1.1 Leaf yield 38
3.2.1.2 Plant stand parameters 39
3.2.1.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence 41
3.2.1.4 Toxicity measurements 45
3.2.1.5 Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids 47
3.2.2 Field experiment Giessen 2007 48
3.2.2.1 Leaf yield 48
3.2.2.2 Plant stand parameters 49
3.2.2.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence 51
Contents III
3.2.2.4 Toxicity measurements 55
3.2.2.5 Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids 57
3.2.3 Field experiment Giessen 2008 58
3.2.3.1 Leaf yield 58
3.2.3.2 Plant stand parameters 61
3.2.3.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence 64
3.2.3.4 Toxicity measurements 69
3.2.3.5 Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids 71
4. DISCUSSION 81
4.1 Harvest frequency and plant density 81
Growth and yield response to harvest frequency and
4.1.1 81
plant density
Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids in relation to
4.1.2 83
harvest frequency and plant density
4.2 Effect of herbicides 86
4.2.1 Impact of herbicides on growth and yield 86
Herbicides influence on caffeoylquinic acids and
4.2.2 88
flavonoids
4.2.3 Herbicides and chlorophyll fluorescence 89
4.3 Concluding remarks 92
5. SUMMARY 93
6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 95
7. REFERENCES 97
8. APPENDICES 105
Acknowledgements
Curriculum vitae
IV List of Figures
List of Figures
Figure Title Page No.
1 Air temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) during the growth period of 14
artichoke, Gross Gerau 2006
2 Air temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) during the growth period of 14
artichoke, Gross Gerau, 2007
3 Air temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) during the growth period of 15
artichoke, Gross Gerau 2008
4 Air temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) data during the growth period 18
of artichoke, Giessen 2006
5 Air temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) data during the growth period 18
of artichoke, Giessen 2007
6 Air temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) data during the growth period 19
of artichoke, Giessen 2008
7 Chromatograph of a pre calibration standard (C) 23
8 A typical chromatograph of the artichoke leaves for one of the samples 24
obtained during the study, showing different peaks
9 Peak report of the chromatograph (figure 8) showing the concentration of 24
different CQA and Flavonoids
10 Effect of plant density and harvest frequency on green leaves (GLP) and 28
yellow leaves (YLP) per plant in artichoke, Gross Gerau 2006
11 Dry matter (t ha-1) as affected by plant density, Gross Gerau 2006 29
12 Dry matter (t ha-1) as affected by harvest frequency, Gross Gerau 2006 29
13 Polyphenols (% DM) in artichoke leaves (whole leaves) as affected by 29
plant density, Gross Gerau 2006
14 Polyphenols (% DM) in artichoke leaves (whole leaves) as affected by 29
harvest frequency, Gross Gerau 2006
15 Effect of plant density and harvest frequency on green leaves (GLP) and 31
yellow leaves (YLP) per plant in artichoke, Gross Gerau 2007
16 Leaves per plant as affected by plant density, Gross Gerau 2007 31
17 Leaves per plant as affected by harvest frequency, Gross Gerau 2007 31
18 Dry matter (t ha-1) as affected by plant density, Gross Gerau 2007 33
19 Dry matter (t ha-1) as affected by harvest frequency, Gross Gerau 2007 33
20 CQA and flavonoids (% DM) in artichoke leaves as affected by plant 33
density, Gross Gerau 2007
21 CQA and flavonoids (% DM) in artichoke leaves as affected by harvest 33
frequency, Gross Gerau 2007
22 Effect of plant density and harvest frequency on green leaves (GLP) and 35
yellow leaves (YLP) per plant in artichoke, Gross Gerau 2008
23 Leaves per plant as affected by plant density, Gross Gerau 2008 35
24 Leaves per plant as affected by harvest frequency, Gross Gerau 2008 35
25 Dry matter (t ha-1) as affected by plant density, Gross Gerau 2008 36
26 Dry matter (t ha-1) as affected by harvest frequency, Gross Gerau 2008 36
27 Effect of plant density and harvest frequency on caffeoylquinic acids and 37
flavonoids (% DM) in artichoke leaves, Gross Gerau 2008
28 Effect of herbicides on leaf yield (FM and DM t ha-1) of artichoke in 38
Giessen, 1st growth phase 2006
29 Effect of herbicides on leaves per plant of artichoke in Giessen, 1st growth 40
phase 2006
30 Effect of herbicides on chlorophyll fluorescence of artichoke leaves under 41
light adapted conditions in Giessen, 1st growth phase 2006