Latin as the Language of Science and Learning

660 Pages·2021·6.183 MB·

by  Philipp Roelli

PhilippRoelli
LatinastheLanguageofScienceandLearning
Lingua Academica
Beiträge zur Erforschung historischer Gelehrten-
und Wissenschaftssprachen
Herausgegeben von
Wolf Peter Klein, Michael Prinz und Jürgen Schiewe
WissenschaftlicherBeirat
†UlrichAmmon(Duisburg-Essen),MarianFüssel(Göttingen),DanielFulda(Halle),
MichaelD.Gordin(Princeton),MechthildHabermann(Erlangen),
MarionGindhart(Mainz),ThomasGloning(Gießen),AngelikaLinke(Zürich/
Linköping),LeoKretzenbacher(Melbourne),UwePörksen(Freiburg),
UlrichJohannesSchneider(Leipzig),MatthiasSchulz(Würzburg),DirkWerle
(Heidelberg)
Band 7
Philipp Roelli
Latin as the
Language of Science
and Learning
TheopenaccesspublicationofthisbookhasbeenmadepossiblewiththesupportoftheSwiss
NationalScienceFoundation.
ISBN978-3-11-074575-7
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-074583-2
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-074586-3
ISSN2569-9903
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832
ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense,
withtheexceptionoffigures8and47onpages129and499.Fordetailsgoto
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BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2021PhilippRoelli,publishedbyWalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
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Typsetting:jürgenullrichtyposatz,Nördlingen
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Contents
Acknowledgementsandpracticalities XI
Introduction 1
Why‘languageofscience’? 3
Ontechnicallanguagesingeneral 8
Part 1 Semantics ofthe term ‘science’
1 Modernlanguages:Wissenschaft,science,наука,επιστήμη 13
Frenchscience 13
GermanWissenschaft 16
Russianнаука 18
ModernGreekεπιστήμη 19
ContemporaryLatinscientia 20
Summary 21
Thesemanticevolutionof‘science’inEnglish 23
Excursus:PIErootsfor‘toknow’ 27
2 Termsfor‘science’inGreekandLatin 29
ClassicalGreekἐπιστήμη 31
ClassicalLatinscientia 34
Asketchoflaterdevelopments 38
Earlymodernusage 41
ExcursusonArabic 46
3 Thewidersemanticfieldof‘science’intheclassicallanguages 48
μάθημα,μάθησις–disciplina 50
τέχνη–ars 54
ἱστορία–historia 61
φιλοσοφία–philosophia(amorsapientiae) 66
παιδεία,παίδευσις–eruditio 69
διδασκαλία–doctrina 70
μέθοδος–methodus 71
Summary 73
Furthercircleofwords 76
VI Contents
4 WhatisscienceandhowdoesitrelatetoDenkstil? 80
Definitionsof‘science’? 80
Proposedcriteriaforscience 90
Criteriaforalanguageofscience 99
5 Thedemarcationproblem 103
Semanticfieldof‘science’ 103
SemanticfieldofAristotelianἐπιστήμη 106
Semanticfieldofscientia 107
Part 2 Diachronicpanorama of Latin science and learning
6 IntroductoryremarksonDenkstile,epochs,andgenres 111
SevenepochsforscienceinLatin 112
Scientificgenres 115
7 GreekscienceanditslanguageinAntiquity 123
‘Pre-Socratic’‘science’ 124
Sophists 132
PlatoandhisAcademy 133
AristotleandthePeripatos 138
Hellenisticscienceandbeyond 150
Summary 154
8 FoundationsofRomanscienceinLatin 156
EarlyFachprosa 156
InstitutionsforscienceandSitzimLeben 160
ThebeginningsofscienceinRome 162
LaterepublicanandAugustanimperialtimes 165
Laterimperialera 179
ClassicalRomanlaw 190
Relationstocriteriaforscience 195
9 Theageoftheartesliberales 197
Theartesliberales 197
ScientificapproachesamongtheChurchFathers 202
Latinneo-Platonism 212
ThestudyofLatingrammar 215
Ageofrésumés 216
Contents VII
ScienceintheEarlyMiddleAges? 226
The‘DarkAges’ 227
Carolingiantimes 229
‘Saeculumferreum’ 239
Relationtocriteriaforscience 241
10 TheadoptionoftheGreekDenkstil 246
Thelongtwelfthcentury 246
Newapproachesintheologyanddialectic 251
CircleofChartres 256
Translationmovement 257
Aclearconcept‘science’ 262
Relationtocriteriaforscience 265
11 Universityscience:AnAristotelianRevolution 267
UniversityofParis 267
‘Scholasticism’ 270
Mendicantorders 271
Newencyclopaedias 276
Fourteenthcenturyapproaches 278
ScholasticLatin 282
Anti-scholasticism 284
Relationtocriteriaforscience 288
12 NewapproachesintheRenaissance 290
HumanistLatin 290
Hermeticneo-Platonism 298
Magianaturalis 300
Mathematicaltheology 302
Relationtocriteriaforscience 307
13 Newscienceintheoldtongue 309
Term‘ScientificRevolution’ 309
Authorsandapproaches 315
Therevolution’sLatin 331
ComparisonofKircherandNewton 332
Relationtocriteriaforscience 337
VIII Contents
14 ThedemiseofLatinaslanguageofscience 338
Latinlosesitshegemony 338
Linguistictransitiontothevernaculars 345
(i) Noveltyandadaptability 347
(ii) Easeofexpression 348
(iii) Nationalismandhegemonicpolitics 349
(iv) Formalisation 350
(v) Illustrationsandotherextra-linguisticdevices 352
Excursus:Artificiallanguages 355
15 NicheswhereLatinsurvivedlonger 358
(i) TitlesandornamentalLatin 359
(ii) Crypto-Latin 361
(iii) Universitydissertations 364
(iv) Botany 366
(v) Philology,especiallyclassicalphilology 368
(vi) Catholictheology,especiallyJesuitschoolLatin 369
16 FromLatintovernacularscience 374
Latinasafixedlanguage 374
Latin’sstability 378
Scientificvocabulary 381
Syntax 383
Part 3 Changesinthe languageof science
17 Introductiontothelinguisticsofscientificlanguage 389
EnglishandGermanasscientificlanguages 389
Vocabulary 389
Syntaxandpartsofspeech 392
18 Linguisticdevelopmentstudiedinageneralscientificcorpus 398
Partsofspeech 398
Corpusapproach 401
Generalscientificcorpus 412
CharacterisingscientificLatintexts 427
PCAanalysis 429
Stylometry 436
Contents IX
19 ConclusionsontheLatinusedinscientifictexts 439
TypesofscientificLatin 439
Stylisticapproaches 441
Analysisoftypicalexamples 444
20 Specificcorpora:Arithmetic,historiography,scientificpoetry 455
Arithmeticcorpus 455
Results 464
Historiographyandscientificpoetrycorpora 467
Results 476
Generalconclusions 479
21 Howarenewscientificconceptsexpressed? 482
Examplesfromthehumansciences 482
Sampleofsevenmedicaltexts 484
Newlemmata 494
Contemporarypost-Latinterminology 497
Trendsinnewnomenclature? 501
Conclusions 502
22 HowwasGreekscienceimportedintootherlanguages? 505
Euclid’sElementavsAristotle’sPoetica 506
ObservationsontheGreekofthetwotexts 511
Thetwoworksintranslation 514
Conclusions 523
23 ThereuseofLatininthemodernlanguagesofscience 526
Comparativesampleoftechnicalterms 526
Trendsindifferentlanguages 535
Developmentsinthetwenty-firstcentury 537
24 Ontherelationbetweenscience,culture,andlanguage 539
ScienceaGreekinvention? 540
NascentscienceoutsidetheGreekculturalhorizon 545
LinguisticstructureofGreekscience 549
TheimportofGreekscienceintoLatinandmodernscience 551
Thearticle 553
Compoundsandnovaverba 559
Suffixation 561
X Contents
Latinlanguageengineering 563
ScienceasaGraeco-LatinDenkstil 565
Summaryandconcludingremarks 566
Backmatters 575
Appendix1 575
Appendix2 582
Bibliographies 584
Generalindex 635