Laser Imaging and Manipulation in Cell Biology PDF
Preview Laser Imaging and Manipulation in Cell Biology
Edited by Francesco S. Pavone Laser Imaging and ManipulationinCellBiology Related Titles Yu, S.F. Analysis and Design of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers 464pages 2008 E-Book ISBN:978-0-470-34999-1 Lasch,P.,Kneipp, J. Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy 400pages 2008 E-Book ISBN:978-0-470-28316-5 Mix,P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing ATrainingGuide 682pages 2008 E-Book ISBN:978-0-470-35329-5 Ersoy,O. K. Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging 414pages 2006 Hardcover ISBN:978-0-471-23816-4 Lanzani, G.(ed.) Photophysics of Molecular Materials FromSingleMoleculestoSingleCrystals 600pageswith302figuresand16tables 2006 Hardcover ISBN:978-3-527-40456-8 Durack, G.,Robinson, J. P. (eds.) Emerging Tools for Single-Cell Analysis AdvancesinOpticalMeasurementTechnologies 2004 E-Book ISBN:978-0-471-46100-5 Edited by Francesco S. Pavone Laser Imaging and Manipulation in Cell Biology TheEditor AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and Dr.FrancescoS.Pavone publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained EuropeanLaboratoryforNonLinearSpectroscopy inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof (LENS) errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat PoloScientifico statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor SestoFiorentino,Italy otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. francesco.pavone@unifi.it LibraryofCongressCardNo.: appliedfor Cover Two-photonimagingofhippocampalpyramidal BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData neurons(YFPlabelled). Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe BritishLibrary. Bibliographicinformationpublishedby theDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableonthe Internetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de. #2010WILEY-VCHVerlag&Co.KGaA, Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationinto otherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmaybe reproducedinanyform–byphotoprinting, microfilm,oranyothermeans–nortransmittedor translatedintoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten permissionfromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennot specificallymarkedassuch,arenottobeconsidered unprotectedbylaw. CoverDesign Grafik-DesignSchulz,Fußgönheim Typesetting ThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintingandBinding FabulousPrintersPteLtd PrintedinSingapore Printedonacid-freepaper ISBN:978-3-527-40929-7 V Contents List of Contributors XI Introduction 1 FrancescoS.Pavone PartOne MultiphotonImagingandNanoprocessing 7 1 MultiphotonImagingandNanoprocessingofHumanStemCells 9 KarstenKönigandAisadaUchugonova 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 PrincipleofTwo-PhotonMicroscopyandMultiphotonTomography 10 1.3 MultiphotonMicroscopesandMultiphotonTomographs 12 1.4 EndogenousCellularFluorophoresandSHGActiveBiomolecule Structures 14 1.5 OpticalNanoprocessing 17 1.5.1 PrincipleandMechanismofFemtosecondLaserNanoprocessing 17 1.5.2 StemCells 18 1.5.3 UpgradingtheMultiphotonMicroscope 20 1.5.4 AutofluorescenceImagingofHumanStemCells 21 1.5.5 MultiphotonImagingduringDifferentiation 21 1.5.6 Nanoprocessing 25 1.6 DiscussionandConclusion 28 References 31 2 InVivoNanosurgery 35 LeonardoSacconiandFrancescoS.Pavone 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 PhysicalMechanisms 36 2.3 ExperimentalSetup 37 2.4 SubcellularNanosurgery 38 2.5 InVivoNanosurgery 41 LaserImagingandManipulationinCellBiology.EditedbyFrancescoS.Pavone Copyright(cid:1)2010WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:978-3-527-40929-7 VI Contents 2.6 Conclusions 46 References 47 PartTwo Light–MoleculeInteractionMechanisms 49 3 InteractionofPulsedLightwithMolecules:Photochemical andPhotophysicalEffects 51 GereonHüttmann 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 BasicPhotophysics 52 3.2.1 ElectronicStatesofMoleculesandtheJablonskiDiagram 53 3.2.2 ChangesbetweenStates 54 3.3 BleachingandExcitedStateAbsorption 57 3.4 MultiphotonAbsorptionandIonization 60 3.5 RelevanceforBiomedicalApplications 61 3.5.1 EffectivenessofPulsedLasersforPhotodynamicTherapy 61 3.5.2 ReductionofPhotobleachinginLaserScanningMicroscopy 63 3.5.3 Super-ResolutionbyOpticalDepletionoftheFluorescentState 65 3.6 Conclusions 67 References 68 4 Chromophore-AssistedLightInactivation:ATwenty-Year Retrospective 71 DanielG.Jay 4.1 HistoricalPerspective 71 4.2 FamilyofCALI-BasedTechnologies 72 4.3 SpatialRestrictionofDamage 73 4.4 MechanismofCALI 74 4.5 Micro-CALI 75 4.6 IntracellularTargetsofCALI 75 4.7 CALIInVivo 76 4.8 High-ThroughputApproaches 77 4.9 FutureofCALI 77 References 78 5 Photoswitches 83 AndrewA.BeharryandG.AndrewWoolley 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 SyntheticPhotoswitches 84 5.3 NaturalPhotoswitches 89 References 93 6 OpticalStimulationofNeurons 99 S.M.Rajguru,A.I.Matic,andC.-P.Richter 6.1 Introduction 99 Contents VII 6.2 NeuralStimulationwithOpticalRadiation 100 6.2.1 GeneralConsiderations 100 6.2.2 EffectofOpticalStimulationonExcitability 101 6.2.3 OpticalStimulationviaPhotochemicalMechanism 101 6.2.3.1 ActivationviaExogenouslyAddedChromophore 102 6.2.3.2 ActivationofanEndogenousChromophore 102 6.3 DirectOpticalStimulationofNeuralTissue 103 6.3.1 PulsedInfraredLasersforDirectStimulation 104 6.3.1.1 StimulationofPeripheralNerves 104 6.3.1.2 StimulationofCranialNerves 105 6.3.1.3 AdvantagesofOpticalStimulation 106 6.3.2 ChallengesforOpticalStimulation 106 6.3.2.1 MechanismofStimulationwithOpticalRadiation 106 6.3.2.2 SafetyofOpticalStimulation 108 References 108 PartThree TissueOpticalImaging 113 7 Light–TissueInteractionatOpticalClearing 115 ElinaA.Genina,AlexeyN.Bashkatov,KirillV.Larin, andValeryV.Tuchin 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Light–TissueInteraction 115 7.3 TissueClearing 120 7.3.1 CompressionandStretching 122 7.3.2 DehydrationandCoagulation 122 7.3.3 OpticalImmersion 124 7.4 EnhancersofDiffusion 130 7.4.1 DiffusionthroughMembranes 130 7.4.2 ChemicalAgents 131 7.4.3 PhysicalMethods 132 7.5 DiffusionCoefficientEstimation 133 7.5.1 SpectroscopicMethods 135 7.5.2 OpticalCoherenceTomography 138 7.6 ApplicationsofTissueOpticalClearingtoDifferentDiagnostic andTherapeuticTechniques 144 7.6.1 GlucoseSensing 145 7.6.1.1 NIRTechnique 145 7.6.1.2 OCTTechnique 147 7.6.1.3 PhotoacousticTechnique 147 7.6.1.4 RamanSpectroscopy 148 7.6.2 TissueImaging 149 7.6.2.1 ConfocalMicroscopy 149 7.6.2.2 NonlinearMicroscopy 149 7.6.2.3 MultiphotonMicroscopy 151 VIII Contents 7.6.2.4 PolarizedMicroscopy 152 7.6.2.5 OpticalProjectionTomography 153 7.6.3 TherapeuticApplications 153 7.7 Conclusion 155 References 156 PartFour LaserTissueOperation 165 8 PhotodynamicTherapy–theQuestforImprovedDosimetry intheManagementofSolidTumors 167 AnnJohanssonandStefanAndersson-Engels 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 PhotodynamicReactions 168 8.2.1 DirectPDTEffects 170 8.2.2 VascularPDTEffects 170 8.2.3 ImmunologicalEffects 170 8.2.4 ManipulatingthePDTEffect 171 8.3 Photosensitizers 173 8.3.1 PhotophysicalProperties 175 8.3.2 PharmacokineticsandTumorSelectivity 176 8.4 PDTDosimetryModels 177 8.4.1 ExplicitDosimetry 179 8.4.2 ImplicitDosimetry 181 8.4.3 DirectDosimetry 182 8.4.4 BiologicalResponse 184 8.4.5 SummaryofPDTDoseModels 184 8.5 ClinicalImplementation 185 8.6 WhereisPDTHeading? 188 8.6.1 NovelApplications 189 8.6.2 NovelLightDeliveryModes 190 8.6.3 NovelPhotosensitizerDevelopment 190 8.6.4 NovelImplementationofDosimetryandDosimetric Measurements 192 References 193 9 LaserWeldingofBiologicalTissue:Mechanisms, ApplicationsandPerspectives 203 PaoloMatteini,FrancescaRossi,FulvioRatto,andRobertoPini 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 MechanismofThermalLaserWelding 206 9.2.1 CompositionoftheExtracellularMatrix 206 9.2.2 ThermalModificationsofConnectiveTissuesandMechanism ofWelding 207 9.2.2.1 HardLaserWelding 210 9.2.2.2 ModerateLaserWelding 210 Contents IX 9.2.2.3 SoftLaserWelding 210 9.3 TemperatureControlinLaserWeldingProcedures 211 9.3.1 ControlSystemsofTemperatureDynamics 211 9.4 SurgicalApplicationsofThermalLaserWelding 214 9.4.1 LaserWeldinginOphthalmology 215 9.4.1.1 ClinicalApplicationsintheTransplantoftheCornea 215 9.4.1.2 PreclinicalApplicationsintheClosureoftheLensCapsule 218 9.4.2 LaserWeldinginVascularSurgery 219 9.5 FuturePerspectives 223 References 226 Conclusions 233 FrancescoS.Pavone References 242 Index 243 XI List of Contributors StefanAndersson-Engels GereonHüttmann LundUniversity UniversityofLübeck DepartmentofPhysics InstituteofBiomedicalOptics POBox118 Peter-Monnik-Weg4 22362Lund 23562Lübeck Sweden Germany AlexeyN.Bashkatov DanielG.Jay SaratovStateUniversity TuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine Research-EducationalInstitute DepartmentofPhysiology ofOpticsandBiophotonics Boston,MA 410012Saratov USA Russia AnnJohansson AndrewA.Beharry MunichUniversityClinic UniversityofToronto LIFECenter DepartmentofChemistry Marchioninistr.23 80St.GeorgeSt. 81377Munich Toronto,ONM5S3H6 Germany Canada KarstenKönig ElinaA.Genina SaarlandUniversity SaratovStateUniversity FacultyofMechatronicsandPhysics Research-EducationalInstituteofOptics D-66123Saarbrücken andBiophotonics Germany 410012Saratov Russia and JenLabGmbH D-07745Jena Germany LaserImagingandManipulationinCellBiology.EditedbyFrancescoS.Pavone Copyright(cid:1)2010WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:978-3-527-40929-7
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