Large Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources

334 Pages·2017·27.542 MB·English

by  Antonio Moreno-Munoz

IETENERGY ENGINEERING SERIES 98
Large Scale Grid Integration
of Renewable Energy Sources
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Volume905 Powersystemprotection,4volumes
Large Scale Grid Integration
of Renewable Energy Sources
Edited by
Antonio Moreno-Munoz
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
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Contents
1 The powergrid aspart of a100% renewable energy system 1
Math H.J. Bollen and Antonio Moreno-Munoz
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Status and trends inthe voluntary use of renewable energy 3
1.2.1 World’s leading companies pledge touse 100% renewable 3
1.2.2 The islands leading towards 100% renewable 4
1.3 The 100% renewable energy system 4
1.4 Flexibility 7
1.5 The role of the electricity transport 10
1.6 The role of energy storage 11
1.7 Reliability in the 100% renewable energy system 14
1.7.1 The view of the electricity consumer 14
1.7.2 The view of the electricity producer 15
1.7.3 The view of the system operator 15
1.8 The transition stage: towards 100% renewable energy 18
1.9 Renewable energy integration issues 19
1.10 The prosumer role 21
1.11 Key technologies 23
References 26
2 International requirements for large integration
of renewable energy sources 29
A. Molina-Garc´ıa,A.D. Hansen, E. Muljadi, V. Gevorgian,
J. Fortmann andE. Go´mez-La´zaro
2.1 General overview 29
2.2 Ancillary services in RES: comparisonsamong
different countries 32
2.2.1 Active power reserves and frequency control 36
2.2.2 Reactive power control/voltage control 37
2.3 RESunder disturbances: fault ride-through capability 39
2.4 Renewable energy curtailment 44
2.5 Acknowledgements 49
References 49
vi Largescale grid integration of renewable energy sources
3 Nowcastingandshort-term windforecasting for windenergy
management 59
Agust´ınAgu¨era-Pe´rez,Jose´ CarlosPalomares-Salas,
Juan Jose´ Gonza´lez de laRosa, Jose´ Mar´ıaSierra-Ferna´ndezand
A´lvaro Jime´nez-Montero
3.1 Wind forecasting ingridand market operations 59
3.1.1 Uncertaintyin wind energy production 60
3.1.2 Effects of the wind forecasts uncertainty in
the power system 61
3.1.3 Wind uncertainty in market operations 62
3.2 Wind power forecasting systems 64
3.2.1 Wind control centres 65
3.2.2 Description of wind power forecasting systems 66
3.2.3 Wind power forecasting system results: representation
and validation 68
3.3 Physical approaches for wind forecasting 70
3.3.1 Numerical weather prediction 71
3.3.2 Physical approaches focused onwind forecasting 73
3.4 Statistical approaches for wind forecasting 74
3.5 Enhancing predictions with nowcasting 79
References 81
4 Solutionsandactive measures for windpowerintegration 87
Argo Rosin, Imre Drovtarand Jako Kilter
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Energy policy 88
4.3 Technology overview and prospective changes in the power grid 89
4.3.1 Overview of wind power plant technologies 90
4.3.2 Impact of electric transportationand electric vehicles 95
4.3.3 Impact of consumers 97
4.4 Technical and economic impacts of large-scale wind integration 100
4.4.1 Technical challenges 100
4.4.2 Impacts onexisting power plant economics
and electricity market 103
4.4.3 System frequency regulation and increasing wind
capacity impacts onregulating reserves 106
4.5 Measures to support large-scale wind integration 108
4.5.1 Aggregatedthermal storages forbalancingof power
generation forecast errors 108
4.5.2 Pumped hydro energy storage for balancing of power
generation forecast errors 115
4.5.3 Demand side management for providingbalancing power 119
4.6 Conclusion 125
References 125
Contents vii
5 Grid integration of large-scale PV plants:dealing withpower
fluctuations 131
JavierMarcosA´lvarez, I´n˜igo de laParraLaita,LuisMarroyo Palomo,
EduardoLorenzoPigueiras and Miguel Garc´ıaSolano
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 The photovoltaic observatory 133
5.3 Irradiance and power output fluctuationsin large PVplants 135
5.3.1 Ata PVplant level 135
5.3.2 Powerfluctuationsat a PVplant group level 142
5.4 Simulating power fluctuationsat PVplants 149
5.4.1 PVplant model 150
5.4.2 Model of a groupof PVplants 152
5.5 Smoothing power output fluctuations by usingenergy
storage systems 158
5.5.1 The worstfluctuationmodel 160
5.5.2 Conventional ramp-rate control 161
5.5.3 PowerRamp-Rate control based on the PVpower
plant model 163
References 169
6 Towardsthe extensive use of renewable energy resources: needs,
conditions andenabling technologies 171
Isabel M. Moreno-Garcia,Rafael Real-Calvo, Victor Pallares-Lopez,
Miguel J. Gonzalez-Redondoand Isabel Santiago
6.1 Introduction 171
6.2 Measurement and assessment of the renewable generation 175
6.2.1 Useof a PVmonitoring system on time in a
grid-connected PVpark 176
6.2.2 Temporal requirements inthe measurement of
parameters to control the power quality of the
generated signal 181
6.3 The interconnection between renewable generation and
the electricity grid 185
6.3.1 Temporary requirements for protections 186
6.3.2 The active management of the interconnection 189
6.3.3 Solutions forthe interconnection with electrical
grid: smart inverter 191
6.4 Wide-area network: data model with the IEC 61850
standard for smart grid 193
6.4.1 Integration of renewables in wide area networks 194
6.4.2 Detection of faults in cascade and fall of the
network (blackout) 195
6.4.3 Data model with the IEC 61850 standard 196
viii Largescale grid integration of renewable energy sources
6.4.4 IEC 61850 modelling fordistributed energy resource
applications 197
6.4.5 Stability withsynchrophasorsand synchronisation
with PTP 197
6.4.6 Justification of the distributed synchronism through
the IEEE 1588 v2 protocol 199
6.5 Conclusions 202
References 204
7 DCdistributionsystemsandmicrogrids 211
Tomislav Dragicevic, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam,
Juan C. Vasquez andJosep M. Guerrero
7.1 Introduction 211
7.2 DC microgrid system overview 211
7.2.1 Single-bustopologies 212
7.2.2 Multi-bus topologies 214
7.2.3 Reconfigurable topologies 216
7.2.4 Hybrid AC/DC MGs 218
7.3 Operation and control of DCmicrogrids 219
7.3.1 Local control functionalities 219
7.3.2 Coordinated control 223
7.4 DC microgrid system protection 226
7.4.1 Types of faults 226
7.4.2 Grounding 228
7.4.3 Protective devices 230
7.4.4 Design of protection systems 232
7.5 Applicationof DCmicrogrids to future smart grids 233
7.5.1 High-efficiency households 234
7.5.2 Renewable energy parks 235
7.5.3 Hybrid ESS 235
7.5.4 EV fast charging stations 235
7.6 Conclusions 235
References 236
8 Distributedenergy resources integration anddemand
response:the role of stochastic demandmodelling 245
EmilioJ.Palacios-Garc´ıa,AntonioMoreno-Mun˜oz,
IsabelSantiago-Chiquero,Jose´ Mar´ıaFlores-Ariasand
FranciscoJ.Bellido-Outeirin˜o
8.1 Introduction 245
8.2 Overview of modelling techniques for energy demand prediction 246
8.2.1 Top-downmodels 246
8.2.2 Bottom-upmodels 247
8.2.3 Comparison 248
Contents ix
8.3 Time of use based bottom-up models 249
8.3.1 Occupancy and consumers’ behaviour 249
8.3.2 Lighting systemconsumption 253
8.3.3 General appliances consumption 257
8.3.4 Heating and coolingconsumption 260
8.3.5 Remarks onthe model 265
8.4 Applications of bottom-up stochastic models 266
8.4.1 Demand prediction 266
8.4.2 Energy policies and demand response strategies assessment 268
8.4.3 Distributed resources integration 271
8.5 Conclusion 275
References 276
9 Distributedmicro-storage systemsat residential level in smart
communities withhighpenetration of photovoltaic generation 279
Mar´ıa Isabel Milane´s-Montero, Ferm´ınBarrero-Gonza´lez,
Eva Gonza´lez-Romera andEnrique Romero-Cadaval
9.1 Overview of micro-storage technologies 280
9.1.1 Conventional batteries 282
9.1.2 Flowbatteries 284
9.1.3 Supercapacitors 285
9.1.4 Superconducting magnetic energy storage 285
9.1.5 Flywheels 285
9.1.6 Comparison of characteristics of micro-storage system
technologies 286
9.2 Topologies for the bi-directional electronic converter 288
9.2.1 Standard topologies 288
9.2.2 Multi-level topologies 291
9.2.3 Multi-port topologies 292
9.3 Control strategies for the ESMSof the storage device 294
9.3.1 Active power control strategies 295
9.3.2 Reactive power control strategies 296
9.3.3 Powerquality and imbalance reduction control strategies 298
9.4 Powerinterfaces 300
9.4.1 Analysis of typical solution 301
9.4.2 Animproved solution based on cooperative converters 304
9.5 Conclusions 306
References 309
Index 315