Landscape architecture: a manual of environmental planning and design PDF
Preview Landscape architecture: a manual of environmental planning and design
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE This page intentionally left blank LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE A Manual of Environmental Planning and Design FOURTH EDITION Completely revised with emphasis on the shaping of a better environment for living and the care of planet Earth JOHN ORMSBEE SIMONDS BARRY W. STARKE McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2006, 1998, 1983, 1961 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-149126-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-146120-5. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click h ere. This text is gratefully dedicated To my teachers, whose gifts to all who would accept them were the open mind, the awakened curiosity, the discerning eye, and the compelling vision of that which is higher, wider, deeper, and greater—and worth the striving for... To my students, who in thoughtful agreement or in lively dissent have proved a reverberating sounding board and provided a stimulating climate for discussion and research... To my partners and colleagues in practice, for whom the planning of a better environment for living is a strong and vital compulsion... And to lovely Marjorie, my wife, help, and inspiration. John Ormsbee Simonds This book is further dedicated to all landscape architects who, in the spirit of John Simonds, strive to make the world a better place; to my wife, Laurie, who supported me in the effort; to my office staff, who made the necessary adjustments; to my assistant, Susan, who personally adopted the cause; and to the people and firms who generously con- tributed their “Best in Show.” Barry W. Starke This page intentionally left blank For more information about this title, click here Contents Prologue ix 6. LANDSCAPE CHARACTER 71 Foreword xi The Natural Landscape 71 The Hunter and the Philosopher xv Modification 73 The Built Environment 79 1. THE HUMAN HABITAT 1 The Human Animal 1 7. TOPOGRAPHY 89 Nature 7 The Natural Sciences 10 Representation by Contours 89 The Ecological Basis 13 Surveys 93 Earthscape 15 Supplementary Data 95 2. CLIMATE 19 8. SITE PLANNING 99 Climate and Response 19 Program Development 99 Social Imprint 20 Site Selection 100 Accommodation 21 Site Analysis 102 Global Warming 21 Comprehensive Land Planning 106 Microclimatology 26 The Conceptual Plan 112 Computer Application 117 3. LAND 33 Human Impact 33 Land as a Resource 36 9. SITE DEVELOPMENT 121 Land Grants 38 Site-Structure Expression 121 Land Rights 38 Site-Structure Plan Development 133 Surveying 39 Site-Structure Unity 136 Use 40 Site Systems 139 4. WATER 43 Water as a Resource 43 10. LANDSCAPE PLANTING 145 Natural Systems 47 Purpose 145 Management 50 Process 146 Water-Related Site Design 54 Guidelines 147 Advances 153 5. VEGETATION 61 Topsoil Mantle 61 Plants in Nature 62 11. SITE VOLUMES 157 Plant Identification 64 Spaces 157 Plant Culture 65 The Base Plane 170 Introduced Plantations 67 The Overhead Plane 173 Vanishing Green 68 The Verticals 175 vii 12. VISIBLE LANDSCAPE 187 17. URBAN DESIGN 299 The View 187 Cityscape 299 The Vista 191 The City Diagram 302 The Axis 194 The Ubiquitous Automobile 311 The Symmetrical Plan 200 People Places 312 Asymmetry 204 Urban Green, Urban Blue 313 Visual Resource Management 210 The New Urbanity 314 18. GROWTH MANAGEMENT 317 13. CIRCULATION 213 The Guideline Plan 317 Scatteration and Urban Sprawl 323 Motion 213 Restoration 325 Sequence 224 Pedestrian Movement 227 19. THE REGIONAL LANDSCAPE 333 The Automobile 231 Interrelationships 333 Travel by Rail, Air, and Water 240 Regional Form 342 People Movers 245 Open-Space Frame 343 The Essentials 345 Regional Planning 345 14. STRUCTURES 249 Governance 346 Common Denominators 249 Composition 251 20. THE PLANNED ENVIRONMENT 349 Structures in the Landscape 259 A Conservation Credo 350 The Defined Open Space 261 Environmental Issues 350 21. PERSPECTIVE 361 15. HABITATIONS 265 Disavowal and Quest 361 Dwelling-Nature Relationships 265 Findings 363 Human Needs and Habitat 267 Insights 364 Residential Components 270 Evolution and Revolution 366 The Planned Experience 367 16. COMMUNITY PLANNING 277 Retrospective 373 The Group Imperative 277 Project Credits 379 Problems 278 Quotation Sources 385 Possibilities 282 Bibliography 387 New Directions 292 Index 389 viii Contents
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