Laboratory study of a scavenging mask system to evaluate and control airborne pathogens for

101 Pages·2017·2.28 MB·English

Purdue University
Purdue e-Pubs
Open Access Theses Theses and Dissertations
Fall 2014
Laboratory study of a scavenging mask system to
evaluate and control airborne pathogens for
healthcare workers in the Post Anesthesia Care
Unit (PACU) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Josh Lee Horton
Purdue University
Follow this and additional works at:https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses
Recommended Citation
Horton, Josh Lee, "Laboratory study of a scavenging mask system to evaluate and control airborne pathogens for healthcare workers in
the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU)" (2014).Open Access Theses. 1027.
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1027
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i

LABORATORY STUDY OF A SCAVENGING MASK SYSTEM TO EVALUATE
AND CONTROL AIRBORNE PATHOGENS FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN
THE POST ANESTHESIA CARE UNIT (PACU) AND INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU)
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty
of
Purdue University
by
Joshua Lee Horton
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
of
Master of Science
December 2014
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
ii

(cid:0)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:4) (cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:11)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:4) (cid:6)(cid:17)(cid:11) (cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:14)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:7) (cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:8)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:18)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:11) (cid:14)(cid:8) through
these past few years. I want to especially thank my family: Dad, Ashton, Joey, Tanya,
Jamie, and Allie for all the love and support to help me through this challenging time.
They have made me the person I am today.

I would also like to dedicate this thesis to the loving memory of a dear friend and brother
in the Sigma Chi Fraternity, Chace Wimberley. Rest in Peace.
(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:16) (cid:15)(cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:10)(cid:7) (cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:10)re (cid:14)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:11)(cid:26)

I may have gotten my degree at Purdue, but I also got an education.
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
(cid:0)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:4) (cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:4) (cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:12)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:8)(cid:16) (cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:10)(cid:7) (cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:7) (cid:12)(cid:20)
many people. I would first like to thank my committee members: Dr. James McGlothlin,
Dr. Bruce Applegate, and Dr. James Schweitzer. Without their support, this research
would not have been at the level of quality it deserved.
I would also like to show the greatest gratitude to Dr. Applegate(cid:10)(cid:4) Microbiology
Laboratory Members and the Department of Food Science. Without their support on and
off campus, my graduate career would not have been as successful and meaningful as it
was.
I would also like to thank Dr. Moenning (oralmaxifacial surgeon, Indianapolis)
and Dr. Green (University of Cincinnati) for their support and consultation that allowed
me to develop the laboratory set-up and develop the knowledge to research this
scavenging system in great detail.
Finally, I would like to thank Teleflex®for their support in supplying the

scavenging mask and other needed equipment
iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.1 Thesis Statement ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 What are Bioaerosols? ............................................................................... 1
1.3 Historical Epidemics ................................................................................. 3
1.4 Healthcare Workers (HCWs) and Their Environment .............................. 5
1.5 Human Transmission................................................................................. 7
1.6 Healthcare Exposure Controls ................................................................... 8
1.7 Epidemiologic Studies............................................................................. 11
1.8 Review Summary of the Literature ......................................................... 13
CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................ 15
2.1 Procedure ................................................................................................. 15
2.2 Microorganisms Used ............................................................................. 16
2.2.1 Preparation ........................................................................................17
2.3 Scavenging System Used ........................................................................ 18
2.4 Nebulizer ................................................................................................. 19
2.5 Laboratory Setup ..................................................................................... 19
2.5.1 Standard Curve ..................................................................................20
2.5.2 Control (No Scavenging System Used) ............................................21
2.5.3 Case (Scavenging System Used) .......................................................22
2.5.4 HEPA Filter and Breakthrough Protocol ......................................... 23
v

Page
2.6 Analyses .................................................................................................. 24
2.6.1 Captured Microorganisms .................................................................24
2.6.2 Statistical Approach ..........................................................................25
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS ............................................................................................ 26
3.1 Surrogate Bacteria Trials ......................................................................... 26
3.1.1 Standard Curve ..................................................................................26
3.1.2 Controls (No Scavenging System Used) ...........................................27
3.1.3 Case (Scavenging System Used) .......................................................28
3.1.4 Mask vs No Mask .............................................................................31
3.2 Surrogate Virus Trials ............................................................................. 33
3.2.1 Standard Curve ..................................................................................33
3.2.2 Controls (No Scavenging System Used) ...........................................34
3.2.3 Case (Scavenging System Used) .......................................................35
3.2.4 Breakthrough .....................................................................................43
3.2.5 HEPA Filters .....................................................................................45
CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................... 47
4.1 Explanation of the Results....................................................................... 47
4.1.1 Standard Curve ..................................................................................47
4.1.2 Control (No Scavenging System Used) ............................................48
4.1.3 Case (Scavenging System Used) .......................................................49
4.2 Challenges and Recommendations.......................................................... 51
4.3 Future Research ....................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................. 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 55
APPENDICES
Appendix A List of Microorganisms with Additional Information ............................. 59
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Page
Appendix B Procedure for Plaque Assay .................................................................... 60
Appendix C Standard Procedure for Growing Bacteriophage .................................... 61
Appendix D Equation and Calculation for Determining the Volume of Surrogate
Viruses to get a 107 Concentration ............................................................................... 62
Appendix E Raw Data for the Standard Curve ( Surrogate Bacteria) ......................... 63
Appendix F Raw and Adjusted Data for the Control Runs (Surrogate Bacteria) ....... 64
Appendix G Raw and Adjusted Data for the Case Runs (Surrogate Bacteria) ............ 65
Appendix H Raw Data for the Standard Curve (Surrogate Viruses) ........................... 67
Appendix I Raw and Adjusted Data for the Control Runs (Surrogate Viruses) ........ 69
Appendix J Raw and Adjusted Data for the Case Runs (Surrogate Viruses) ............. 71
Appendix K Raw Data After Replating Selected
Points in the Case Runs (Surrogate Viruses) ................................................................ 75
Appendix L Breakthrough of Surrogate viruses from the Mask by Dilution .............. 79
Appendix M Raw and Adjusted Data for the
Surrogate Viruses Recovered from the HEPA Filters .................................................. 80
VITA ............................................................................................................. 82
vii

LIST OF TABLES
Table .............................................................................................................................. Page
Table 3.1 Descriptive Statistics for the Case Runs of the Bacteria Trials ........................ 28
Table 3.2 Descriptive Statistics of the Initial Plating of the Control Runs ....................... 35
Table 3.3 Descriptive Statistics of the Replating of the Control Runs ............................. 35
Table 3.4 Descriptive Statistics for the Surrogate Viruses in the Case Runs ................... 36
Table 3.5 Descriptive Statistics for the Recovered
Surrogate Viruses from the HEPA Filters ........................................................................ 45