Knowledge Needs and Information Extraction, Towards an Artificial Consciousness, 1st Edition

271 Pages·2013·12.02 MB·English

by  Turenne

Knowledge Needs and Information Extraction
Tomyson,Alexis.
Knowledge Needs
and
Information Extraction
Towards an Artificial Consciousness
Nicolas Turenne
Series Editor
Jean-Charles Pomerol
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Table of Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter1.Consciousness:anAncientandCurrentTopicofStudy. . . . . 1
1.1.Multidisciplinarityofthesubject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.Terminologicaloutlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.Theologicalpointofview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4.Notionofbeliefandautonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5.Scientificschoolsofthought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6.Thequestionofexperience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter2.Self-motivationonaDailyBasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.Innewsblogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.Marketing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.Mysticalexperiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5.Infantheism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6.Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter3.TheNotionofNeed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.Hierarchyofneeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.1.Level-1needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.2.Level-3needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.Thesatiationcycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
vi KnowledgeNeedsandInformationExtraction
Chapter4.TheModelsofSocialOrganization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.Theentrepreneurialmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.Motivationalandethicalstates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter5.SelfTheories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chapter6.TheoriesofMotivationinPsychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1.Behaviorandcognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2.Theoryofself-efficacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.3.Theoryofself-determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.4.Theoryofcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.5.Attributiontheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.6.Standardsandself-regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.7.Devianceandpathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.8.TemporalMotivationTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.9.Effectofobjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.10.Contextofdistancelearning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.11.Maintenancemodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.12.Effectofnarrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.13.Effectofeviction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.14.Effectoftheteacher–studentrelationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.15.Modelofpersistenceandchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.16.Effectoftheman–machinerelationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter7.TheoriesofMotivationinNeurosciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.1.Academicliteratureonthesubject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.2.PsychologyandNeurosciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.3.Neurophysiologicaltheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.4.Relationshipbetweenthemotivationalsystemandtheemotions . . . . 56
7.5.Relationshipbetweenthemotivationalsystemandlanguage . . . . . . 58
7.6.Relationshipbetweenthemotivationalsystemandneed . . . . . . . . . 59
Chapter8.LanguageModeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.1.Issuessurroundinglanguage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.2.Interactionandlanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.3.Developmentandlanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.4.Schoolsofthoughtinlinguisticsciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.5.Semanticsandcombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.6.Functionalgrammar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.7.Meaning-TextTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.8.Generativelexicon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
TableofContents vii
8.9.Theoryofsynergeticlinguistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
8.10.Integrativeapproachtolanguageprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.11.Newspacesfordateproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.12.Notionofontology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.13.Knowledgerepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chapter9.ComputationalModelingofMotivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.1.Notionofacomputationalmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.2.Multi-agentsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
9.3.Artificialself-organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
9.4.Artificialneuralnetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
9.5.Freewilltheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
9.6.Theprobabilisticutilitymodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
9.7.Theautoepistemicmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter10.HypothesisandControlofCognitiveSelf-Motivation . . . . . 93
10.1.Socialgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
10.2.Innateself-motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
10.3.Masscommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
10.4.TheCost–Benefitratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.5.Socialrepresentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.6.Therelationalenvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
10.7.Perception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10.8.Identity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10.9.Socialenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
10.10.Historicalantecedence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
10.11.Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter11.AModelofSelf-MotivationwhichAssociates
LanguageandPhysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
11.1.Anewmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
11.2.Architectureofaself-motivationsubsystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
11.3.Levelofcertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
11.4.Needforself-motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
11.5.Notionofmotive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
11.6.Ageandlocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
11.7.Uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
11.8.Effectofspontaneity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
11.9.Effectofdependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
11.10.Effectofemulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
11.11.Transitionofbelief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
viii KnowledgeNeedsandInformationExtraction
11.12.Effectofindividualism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
11.13.Modelingofthegroupsofbeliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter12.ImpactofSelf-MotivationonWrittenInformation . . . . . . . 123
12.1.Platformforproductionandconsultationoftexts . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
12.2.Informationalmeasureofthemotivesofself-motivation . . . . . . . . 124
12.2.1.Intra-phrasticextraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
12.2.2.Inter-phrasticextraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
12.2.3.Meta-phrasticextraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
12.3.Theinformationmarket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
12.4.Typesofdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
12.5.Theoutlinesoftextmining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
12.6.Softwareeconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
12.7.Standardsandmetadata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
12.8.Open-endedquestionsandchallengesfortext-miningmethods . . . . 140
12.9.Notionoflexicalnoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
12.10.Webmining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
12.11.Miningapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chapter13.Non-TransversalTextMiningTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.1.Constructivistactivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
13.2.Typicalityassociatedwiththedata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
13.3.Specificcharacteroftextmining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
13.4.Supervised,unsupervisedandsemi-supervisedtechniques. . . . . . . 149
13.5.Qualityofamodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
13.6.Thescenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
13.7.Representationofadatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
13.8.Standardization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
13.9.Morphologicalpreprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
13.10.Selectionandweightingofterminologicalunits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
13.11.Statisticalpropertiesoftextualunits:lexicallaws . . . . . . . . . . . 154
13.12.Sub-lexicalunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
13.14.Shallowparsingorsuperficialsyntacticanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
13.15.Argumentationmodels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Chapter14.TransversalTextMiningTechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
14.1.Mixedandinterdisciplinarytextminingtechniques . . . . . . . . . . . 159
14.1.1.Supervised,unsupervisedandsemi-supervisedtechniques . . . . 159
14.2.Techniquesforextractionofnamedentities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
14.3.Inversemethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
14.4.LatentSemanticAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
TableofContents ix
14.5.Iterativeconstructionofsub-corpora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
14.6.Orderingapproachesorrankingmethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
14.7.Useofontology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
14.8.Interdisciplinarytechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
14.9.Informationvisualizationtechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
14.10.Thek-meanstechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
14.11.NaiveBayesclassifiertechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
14.12.Thek-nearestneighbors(KNN)technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
14.13.Hierarchicalclusteringtechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
14.14.Density-basedclusteringtechniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
14.15.Conditionalfields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
14.16.Nonlinearregressionandartificialneuralnetworks . . . . . . . . . . 176
14.17.Modelsofmulti-agentsystems(MASs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
14.18.Co-clusteringmodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
14.19.Dependencymodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
14.20.Decisiontreetechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
14.21.TheSupportVectorMachine(SVM)technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
14.22.Setoffrequentitems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
14.23.Geneticalgorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
14.24.Linkanalysiswithatheoreticalgraphmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
14.25.Linkanalysiswithoutagraphmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
14.26.Qualityofamodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
14.27.Modelselection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Chapter15.FieldsofInterestforTextMining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
15.1.Theavenuesintextmining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
15.1.1.Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
15.1.2.Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
15.2.Aboutdecisionsupport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
15.3.Competitiveintelligence(vigilance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
15.4.Aboutstrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
15.5.Aboutarchivemanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.6.Aboutsociologyandthelegalfield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
15.7.Aboutbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
15.8.Aboutotherdomains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Introduction
The title of this book is both subversive and ambitious. It is subversive because
few academic publications deal with this subject. There has, of course, been work
doneinroboticsonartificiallyreproducinga“human”movement.Onecanalsofind
more cognitive works about the way of reasoning – i.e. storing and structuring
information to induce the validity of a relation between two pieces of information.
However,theterm“artificialconsciousness”isnotapplicabletoanyoftheseworks.
Thereisprobablyaspiritualconnotationwhichphilosophershavedodgedbycalling
thediscipline“reason”or“rationality”.
The book presents a theory of consciousness which is unique and sustainable in
nature, based on physiological and cognitive-linguistic principles controlled by a
numberofsocio-psycho-economicfactors.
Chapter1 recontextualizes this notion of consciousness with a certain current
aspect.
In order to anchor this theory, which draws upon various disciplines, this book
presents a number of different theories, all of which have been abundantly studied
by scientists from both a theoretical and experimental standpoint. These issues are
addressedbyChapters4(modelsofsocialorganization),5(egotheories),6(theories
ofthemotivationalsysteminpsychology),7(theoriesofthemotivationalsystemin
neurosciences), 8 (language modeling) and 9 (computational modeling of
motivation).
This book is adeliberate attempt to be eclectic – sometimes presenting fuzzy or
nearlyesotericpointsofview.However,aboveall,itcarefullyhighlightsthecontext
with validated and accepted theories drawn from academic disciplines which are
recognized at the scientific and international levels: psychology, physiology,
computing, linguistics and sociology. These are highly technical disciplines, with
extensiveanalyticaldepthandalonghistory,fromwhichitwasnecessarytoisolate