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AROMATHERAPY Therapy Basics second edition HELEN McGUINNESS Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720. Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open from 9.00–5.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24 hour message answering service. You can also order through our website www.hodderheadline.co.uk British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN-10: 0 340 876808 ISBN-13: 978 0 340 87680 0 First edition published 1997 This edition published 2003 Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Year 2007 2006 Copyright © Helen McGuinness All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Cover photo from Photodisc Typeset by Fakenham Photosetting, Fakenham, Norfolk. Printed in India for Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW13BH Contents Acknowledgements vi Introduction vii Introduction to Aromatherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction to Aromatherapy 1 The History of Aromatherapy 2 Aromatherapy in its Diversity of Care 4 Research and Funding 4 Safety in Aromatherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Safety in Aromatherapy 7 Contra-indications and Cautions for Aromatherapy Massage 8 Toxicity 12 Irritation 14 Sensitisation 15 Safety Precautions When Using Essential Oils 17 Safe Handling and Storing 17 The Extraction of an Essential Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Extraction of an Essential Oil 23 Storage Factors Associated with Essential Oils 24 Methods of Extraction 25 Adulteration of Essential Oils 29 Factors to Consider when Purchasing Essential Oils 29 The Essential Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Essential Oils 37 Basic Chemistry for Aromatherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Basic Chemistry for Aromatherapy 101 The Biosynthesis Pathway of Essential Oils 102 Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry 103 Chemical Structure of Essential Oils 103 Oxygenated Compounds 105 Chemical Compounds and Therapeutic Properties of Essential Oils 108 Chemotypes 108 iii Aromatherapy: Therapy Basics Second Edition Techniques used in Essential Oil Analysis 109 Essential Oils and a Question of Purity 111 The Physiology of Aromatherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Physiology of Aromatherapy 115 The Absorption of Essential Oils into the Bloodstream 115 The Theory of Olfaction 120 The Limbic System 122 The Circulatory System 123 The Lymphatic System 123 The Endocrine System 124 The Nervous System 125 The Musculo-skeletal System 127 The Aromatherapy Consultation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Aromatherapy Consultation 131 The Purpose of a Consultation 131 The Consultation Form 133 Record Keeping 134 Guidelines for Case Studies 140 Blending in Aromatherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Blending in Aromatherapy 143 Synergy 143 Blending 144 Properties and Uses of Carrier Oils 147 Common Carrier Oils used in Aromatherapy 148 How to Blend Oils for Aromatherapy Massage 156 Energy-based Concepts in Aromatherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Energy-based Concepts in Aromatherapy 160 Yin and Yang 160 Meridians 162 Chakras 175 Aromatherapy Massage and Other Forms of Treatment . . . . . . . . . 10 Aromatherapy Massage and Other Forms of Treatment 183 Aromatherapy Massage Techniques 183 Preparing for the Aromatherapy Massage 187 Health, Safety and Hygiene 189 Relaxation Techniques 190 iv Contents Aromatherapy Massage Procedure 192 Other Forms of Treatment 195 Basic Business Skills for the Aromatherapist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Basic Business Skills for the Aromatherapist 202 Maintaining Employment Standards 203 Business Planning 209 Marketing 215 Professional Ethics 219 Professional Associations 221 Insurance 221 Legal Requirements 222 Research in Aromatherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Research in Aromatherapy 232 Getting Started 232 Turning the Research Idea into a Proposal 233 Seeking Funding 234 Glossary 236 Bibliography 237 Useful Addresses 238 Index 241 v Acknowledgements I would like to extend my thanks to my father, Roy, for his great skill in producing the illustrations for this book, and to my mother, Valerie, for her patience in checking the text for grammar, and especially for her encouragement. My thanks also goes to my husband, Mark, who has provided considerable help, love and support throughout the development of this book. My grateful thanks also extends to the following people: Deirdre Moynihan and Stephanie Mealey of AVCS for their technical help in checking the accuracy of the text and for their valued contributions; John Marks for his technical help with the aroma chemistry chapter; Chris Ockendon of New Horizon Aromatics for his valued contributions to the text; Berni Hephrun of Butterbur and Sage for supplying information regarding the quality of essential oils; Alan Harris, the secretary of the ATC for providing me with valuable information. I would also like to express my gratitude to the AOC (Aromatherapy Organisations Council) for their valuable information on research; to Pamela Trodd and Karen Harrisson for their valued feedback on the first edition of this book. My sincere thanks to Nicole Cameron (a student at the Holistic Training Centre) for kindly granting use of her case study. Finally, thanks are due to all my students at the Holistic Training Centre, Southampton, for their support and encouragement in the development of the book and for their valued contributions. For the reproduction of photographs the publisher would like to thank the following: Photos 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36 courtesy of The Holt Studios Photographic Library; Photos 2, 5 , 11, 26, 26, 27, 29, 33, 37, 38 courtesy of The Garden Picture Library; and Photos 39, 40, 41 courtesy of Getty Images. vi Introduction Aromatherapy has grown in popularity over the past ten years to become recognised as a complementary therapy, and for those interested in holistic health care, it offers a very rewarding career. This workbook is intended for those undertaking a professional course of training in aromatherapy or for qualified aromatherapists who want to update and extend their knowledge of the subject. It meets the underpinning knowledge requirements of the NVQ Level III in Aromatherapy Massage, but also covers the knowledge requirements of more traditional diploma courses. The material contained within the book has been designed to be interactive. Each chapter has tasks and self- assessment questions to complete, in order to assess overall understanding of the individual subject areas. As well as providing a comprehensive knowledge of aromatherapy, the aim of the workbook is to help candidates to generate portfolio evidence of underpinning knowledge for their NVQ qualification. vii This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is the art of using essential oils to help restore balance in the body, and is a form of natural healing that is more than 8,000 years old. Today it represents one of the fastest growing complementary therapies in the UK. ❃ A competent aromatherapist needs to be able to understand aromatherapy as a holistic therapy, in order to apply suitable treatments, and give accurate advice and guidance to clients. Objectives By the end of this chapter you will be able to relate the following knowledge to your practical work carried out as an aromatherapist: ❃ how aromatherapy has developed ❃ uses of aromatherapy. Aromatherapy can be defined as the systematic use of essential oils in holistic treatments to help improve physical and emotional well-being. Aromatherapy is a truly holistic therapy, as it aims to treat the whole person by taking account not only of their physical state but also their emotions, which can have a profound effect on general well-being. It works on the principle that the most effective way to promote health and prevent illness is to strengthen the body’s immune system; in so doing, it helps to restore the harmony between mind and body. The primary form of aromatherapy applications involves using essential oils in the following ways: ❃ topically to the skin via massage, diluted in a carrier oil ❃ inhalations ❃ compresses ❃ aromatic baths. An essential oil is the highly concentated volatile substance obtained from various parts of the aromatic plant. Disillusionment with orthodox medicine has caused many people to turn to the natural remedies that have been part of our folklore for many thousands of years. 1

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Having a deeper understanding of meridians can help aromatherapists to recognise that problems in a specific part of the body correspond to problems in specific organs; therefore we can then work on these areas in aromatherapy in order to help address the imbalance. Aromatherapy: Therapy Basics
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