Kennedy, Macmillan and Nuclear Weapons PDF
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KENNEDY, MACMILLAN AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS COLD WAR HISTORY SERIES General Editor: Saki Dockrill, Senior Lecturer in War Studies, King's College, London The new Cold War History Series aims to make available to scholars and students the results of advanced research on the origins and the development of the Cold War and its impact on nations, alliances and regions at various levels of statecraft, and in areas such as diplomacy, security, economy, military and society. Volumes in the series range from detailed and original specialised studies, proceedings of conferences, to broader and more comprehensive accounts. Each work deals with individual themes and periods of the Cold War and each author or editor approaches the Cold War with a variety of narrative, analysis, explanation, interpretation and reassessments of recent scholarship. These studies are designed to encourage investigation and debate on important themes and events in the Cold War, as seen from both East and West, in an effort to deepen our understanding of this phenomenon and place it in its context in world history. Titles include: Gunter Bischof AUSTRIA IN THE FIRST COLD WAR, 1945-55 The Leverage of the Weak Donette Murray KENNEDY, MACMILLAN AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS Cold War History Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-79482-1 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Kennedy, Macmillan and Nuclear Weapons Donette Murray Lecturer in Modern and Contemporary History University of Ulster at Coleraine Northern Ireland First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-15006-9 ISBN 978-1-349-15004-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15004-5 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22221-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Murray, Donette, 1973- Kennedy, Macmillan and nuclear weapons I Donette Murray. p. cm. - (Cold War history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-22221-5 (cloth) 1. United States-Military relations-Great Britain. 2. Great Britain-Military relations-United States. 3. Nuclear weapons. I. Title. II. Series. UA23.M928 1999 355'.031'09410973-dc21 99-21772 CIP © Donette Murray 2000 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 2000 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10987654321 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Contents Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 Special Relations? 13 2 The Origins of a Crisis 31 3 Chaos and Confusion - Allies in Trouble 45 4 A Crisis Explained 57 5 Finding a Solution - The Nassau Compromise 81 6 A New Foreign Policy Initiative - Are There Any Takers? 105 7 Do or Die - The Making and Breaking of the Multilateral Nuclear Force 122 Conclusion 144 Notes and References 159 Glossary of Names 198 Select Bibliography 203 Index 215 v Acknowledgements This work originally took the form of a DPhil thesis, awarded in 1997. I am deeply grateful for the help and advice of my doctoral supervisor, Tom Fraser, who deftly guided me through the bewil dering and at times frustrating path of research with great patience and care. lowe a great debt both to him and to Michael Dockrill and Alan Sharp who examined the thesis. They, along with Saki Dockrill, were instrumental in helping me to transform it into this book. In particular, I would like to express my gratitude to Saki Dockrill, my editor, who provided guidance, encouragement and helpful criticism, which were both very much appreciated and ex tremely useful. This work has benefited greatly from the comments and sugges tions of the following who kindly and patiently took time to respond to the numerous questions posed by the author: Richard Neustadt, Arthur Schlesinger Jr, Carl Kaysen, Sir Frederick Bishop, Sir Arthur Henderson, Sir Edward Playfair, Eunan O'Halpin, Michael Cox, Simon Ball, Richard Aldous and Sabine Lee. The research for this book was helped by a number of archivists and librarians at various institutions in both the UK and the United States. I wish to express my thanks to the archivists at the Public Record Office, Kew; the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston; the National Archives, Washington, DC; and the Bodleian Library, Oxford. They were all extremely courteous and kind. My thanks also to the library staff at the University of Ulster and in particu lar to Kay Ballantyne who provided invaluable assistance. I would also like to thank the staff and graduate students at the University of Ulster, and in particular Alan Sharp, Ken Ward, Tony Emmerson, Bill Riches and Joanne Taggart. I gratefully acknowl edge the financial assistance given to me by the University of Ulster. Copyright material from the Public Record Office, Kew, appears by permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Abridged por tions of chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6 appeared in Royal Irish Academy Conference Proceedings in 1996 and in Sabine Lee and Richard Aldous (eds), Harold Macmillan: Aspects of a Political Life (Macmillan, forthcoming). Full citations appear in the bibliography. I would also like to thank the Macmillan Trustees for their kind vii viii Acknowledgements permisslOn to examine and reproduce extracts from the Harold Macmillan diaries. I wish to thank Tim Farmiloe, Publishing Director, and Annabelle Buckley, Senior Commissioning Editor, at Macmillan for their great help in preparing the manuscript for publication. lowe a particular debt to Keith Kyle who gave not only of his time, but also of his vast knowledge and colourful recollections. Finally, I express my gratitude and thanks to my parents, family and friends for their help and humour and to Martin for his sup port and encouragement throughout. His unshakable belief in me and uncompromising love mean more than he will ever know. Donette Murray Derry Abbreviations AEA Atomic Energy Authority AEC Atomic Energy Committee ALBM air-launched ballistic missile AWRE Atomic Weapons Research Establishment BOAR British Army of the Rhine BJSM British Joint Staff Mission, Washington BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System BNDSG British Nuclear Deterrent Study Group CAS Chief of the Air Staff CDS Chief of the Defence Staff CINCLANT Commander in Chief, Atlantic CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament COS Chiefs of Staff COSC Chiefs of Staff Committee DOD Department of Defense FO Foreign Office GNP Gross National Product ICBM inter-continental ballistic missile IRBM intermediate-range ballistic missile JCAE Joint Committee on Atomic Energy JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff JIC Joint Intelligence Committee JPS Joint Planning Staff KT kiloton MLF multilateral nuclear force MOD Ministry of Defence MRBM medium-range ballistic missile MT megaton MWDP Mutual Weapons Development Weapon NAC North Atlantic Council NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NSC National Security Council OR operational requirement PM Prime Minister PSAC President's Science Advisory Committee R&D Research and Development ix x Abbreviations SAC Strategic Air Command SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander, Europe SACLANT Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic SAGW surface-to-air guided weapon SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SlOP single-integrated operational plan SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile UKAEC United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority USAEC United States Atomic Energy Commission USAF United States Air Force USJCAE United States Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (US Congress) USJCS United States Joint Chiefs of Staff USN United States Navy
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