Karst without boundaries

376 Pages·2016·83.407 MB·English

by  Krešić, Neven, Kukuricwith, Neno, Stevanović, Zoran

23
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS SELECTED PAPERS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS SELECTED PAPERS
23
Editors:
Karstified rocks, of various lithologies, cover more than 10% of the land surface of K Zoran Stevanovic´
our planet. About 20% of the global population depends on karstic groundwater a
r Neven Krešic´
for its wellbeing, despite limited natural resources and in some places a near s
absence of drinking water. The problems of water shortage, equitable water use t Neno Kukuric´
w
and protection from pollution become even more problematic in transboundary
regions. The Dinaric Region is a classical karst area where the borders of newly it
established countries have created an urgent need to create sustainable water h
o
management within each country and in the region as a whole. The DIKTAS
u
project, working in the Dinaric Karst system, is one of the first attempts to
t
establish sustainable integrated management principles in a transboundary
B
Karst without Boundaries
karst aquifer. This volume highlights some of the DIKTAS project achievements o
alongside research from other karst environments worldwide. This book is of u
wide interest to scientists working in karst environments, to regulators and n
d
managers of sparse water resources and to all practitioners in the water industry.
a
It also provides a number of case studies that students will find valuable.
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Karst without Boundaries
Selected papers on hydrogeology
23
Series Editor: Dr. Nick S. Robins
Editor-in-Chief IAH Book Series, British Geological Survey, Wallingford, UK
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS
Karst without Boundaries
Editors
Zoran Stevanovic´
Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia
Neven Krešic´
Environment and Infrastructure, Amec Foster Wheeler,
Kennesaw, GA, USA
Neno Kukuric´
IGRAC, Delft, The Netherlands
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
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Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication
and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor
the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation
or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
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e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Applied for
ISBN: 978-1-138-02968-2 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-4987-8773-4 (eBook PDF)
Table of contents
Preface ix
PART I
Management of transboundary karst aquifers 1
1 Dinaric Karst Aquifer – One of the world’s largest transboundary
systems and an ideal location for applying innovative and integrated
water management 3
Z. Stevanovic´, N. Kukuric´, Ž. Pekaš, B. Jolovic´, A. Pambuku & D. Radojevic´
2 How confident are we about the definition of boundaries in karst?
Difficulties in managing and planning in a typical
transboundary environment 27
M. Parise
3 WOKAM – The world karst aquifer mapping project, examples from
South East Europe, Near and Middle East and Eastern Africa 39
Z. Stevanovic´, N. Goldscheider, Z. Chen & the WOKAM Team
4 Groundwater flow in the Orontes River basin and the Syria–Lebanon
water sharing agreement 53
F. Zwahlen, M. Bakalowicz, R. Gonzalez, A. Haj Asaad, M. Saadé-Sbeih &
R. Jaubert
5 Hungarian–Slovakian transboundary karstic groundwater management
under the scope of ENWAT and TRANSENERGY EU projects 63
P. Malík, R. Cˇernák & G. Tóth
6 Development and protection of transboundary karst and karst aquifers
in West Stara Planina Mountains (Bulgaria–Serbia) 71
A. Benderev, Z. Stevanovic´, B. Mihaylova, V. Živanovic´, K. Kostov, S. Milanovic´,
S. Shanov & I. Jemcov
vi Table of contents
7 An assessment of territory participation in transboundary karst aquifer
recharge: A case study from the Skadar Lake catchment area 87
M. Radulovic´, G. Sekulic´, M. Blagojevic´, J. Krstajic´ & E. Vako
PART 2
Karst aquifer characterisation and monitoring 101
8 Optimal water management – Prerequisite for regional socio-economic
development in the karst of the south-eastern Dinarides 103
P. Milanovic´
9 Spring hydrograph recession: A brief review focused on karst aquifers 117
F. Fiorillo
10 Characterisation of selected karst springs in Slovenia by means
of a time series analysis 131
G. Kovacˇicˇ & N. Ravbar
11 Characterisation of the influence of evaporite rocks on
the hydrochemistry of carbonate aquifers:
The Grazalema Mountain Range (Southern Spain) 155
D. Sánchez & B. Andreo
12 3D Spatial modelling of karst channels – The Beljanica karst massif 169
S. Milanovic´
13 A field work oriented approach for complex karst aquifer
characterisation 179
P. Stadler, H. Häusler, M. Rogger, D. Savio & H. Stadler
14 Scale-dependent evaluation of an unconfined carbonate system –
Practical application, consequences and significance 199
Á. Tóth & J. Mádl-Szo˝nyi
15 Characterization of karst system using modelling of rainfall-discharge
relationship: Pireghar and Dimeh springs, Zagros Region, Iran 215
Z. Mohammadi & S. Mali
PART 3
The water flow in karst: From vadose to discharge zone 225
16 Recharge processes of karst massifs in southern Italy 227
F. Fiorillo & M. Pagnozzi
Table of contents vii
17 Water balance analysis of a vadose stream to discern hillslope
hydrology in bare karst area (South West China) 245
G. Jiang, F. Guo, K.F.A. Lo, X. Guo, X. Gong & C. Chen
18 Hydraulic behaviour of a subthermal karst spring – Blederija spring,
Eastern Serbia 259
V. Živanovic´, V. Dragišic´, I. Jemcov & N. Atanackovic´
19 Delineation of the Plitvice Lakes karst catchment area, Croatia 269
H. Meaški, B. Biondic´ & R. Biondic´
PART 4
Engineering, sustainable use and protection of water in karst 285
20 Creating environmental impact indicators in dynamic karst
system – Dinaric karst case example 287
Z. Stevanovic´
21 Hydrogeological settings for underground dam construction –
Four case studies from southwest karst area of China 311
J. Cao, Y. Jiang & P. Milanovic´
22 3D Conduit modelling of leakage below a dam situated in highly
karstified rocks 321
S. Milanovic´ & L. Vasic´
23 Reactivation of karst springs after regional mine dewatering
in the Tata area, Hungary 337
A. Kovács & T. Szo˝cs
Subject index 359
Geographic names (Regional) 361
Series IAH-selected papers 363
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Preface
Karst covers more than 13% of the continental ice-free surface of our planet, with
major coverage in the Middle East and Central Asia where it occupies approximately
23% of the land surface. According to some estimates more than 20% of the world’s
population is consuming groundwater originated from karst aquifers. At the same
time, the management of karst aquifers and their water resources is more problematic
compared to any other aquifer type due to uncertainties in defining their boundaries,
often irregular drainage regime, and vulnerability to pollution. All these problems
are closely related to high heterogeneity of karst aquifers and their locally very high
permeability.
During recent decades the first systematic overview and inventory of transbound-
ary aquifers and their internationally shared water resources has been made. This work
led by UN agencies (UNESCO, UNECE, IGRAC) and the International Association of
Hydrogeologists (IAH) underlined the challenges of international groundwater data
availability and highlighted the importance of establishing proper monitoring systems
as a prerequisite to the better assessment of shared water resources.
When it comes to karst transboundary aquifer systems there is a rough approx-
imation that not less than 20% of all internationally shared aquifers belong to karst
types. This estimate is currently being adjusted upwards as a result of new investiga-
tions especially in Central and South Eastern Europe, and the Middle East within the
Alpine orogenic belt and its branches, along with the numerous middle- and small-size
countries and their dense network of borders.
A typical example of these complexities is the Dinaric mountain system, the region
of classical karst, which is composed almost entirely of carbonate rocks (limestones
and dolomites), with thickness often exceeding 1000 m. In this part of Europe not
only was the term karst born (the German derivation of the local name of the district
between Italy and Slovenia called Carso or Kras), but also a new scientific discipline –
karstology was established at the end of the ninetenth century. The appearance of sev-
eral new sovereign states in the 1990s, from what was once Yugoslavia, and complex
transboundary inter-linkages have had a considerable impact on water use and water
sharing for domestic supply, power generation, and agriculture. For instance, this is
also an area where one of the world’s largest springs, located in one country, has 95%
of its catchment in another country. Similarly, this is an area where one may enter a
cave in one country and several kilometers away enter another country. These, among
many others, are the reasons why the DIKTAS (Protection and Sustainable Use of
the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System) project was initiated and included