Juvenile delinquency PDF
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2 Juvenile Delinquency Third Edition Donald J. Shoemaker Virginia Tech 3 Senior Editor: Sarah Stanton Assistant Editor: Carli Hansen Senior Marketing Manager: Karin Cholak Marketing Manager: Deborah Hudson Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate page within the text. Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 https://rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2018 by Rowman & Littlefield Second edition 2013. First edition 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available ISBN 978-1-4422-7193-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4422-7194-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4422-7195-1 (electronic : alk. paper) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America 4 Dedication To my wife, Beth, for her continued love, support, and encouragement. 5 Brief Contents 1. Introduction 2. The History of Juvenile Justice in America 3. The Measurement of Delinquency 4. The Classical School, Rational Choice, and Individualistic Explanations of Delinquency 5. Social Development and Delinquency 6. Social Process Theories 7. The Family and Delinquency 8. Schools and Delinquency 9. Drug Use among Youth 10. Juvenile Gangs 11. Female Delinquency 12. Labeling and Conflict Theories 13. The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System 14. Police and Courts 15. Juvenile Institutions and the Treatment and Prevention of Delinquency 6 Contents Preface to the Third Edition About the Author 1 Introduction Definition of Juvenile Delinquency Brief History of Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Law in Illinois Plan of This Book Study Questions 2 The History of Juvenile Justice in America Nineteenth-Century Reform Efforts and Practices Long-Term Juvenile Institutions Late Nineteenth-Century Developments The First Delinquency Law and the Establishment of the Juvenile Court Early Twentieth-Century Developments Summary Study Questions 3 The Measurement of Delinquency Arrest Data Arrest Patterns Gender Race Age National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Juvenile Court Data Self-Report Data Reliability and Validity Issues or Concerns Conclusions of Self-Report Studies Cohort Studies Victimization Studies A Note on Hate Crimes Other Methods Summary Study Questions 4 The Classical School, Rational Choice, and Individualistic Explanations of Delinquency The Classical School Rational Choice Theory and Delinquency Lombroso and the Positive School Early Biological Explanations of Delinquency Inheritance and Delinquency Somatotypes and Delinquency Contemporary Biological Explanations of Delinquency 7 Inheritance and Delinquency: Newer Studies Somatotype Studies Continued Learning Disabilities Conditionability (ANS) and Delinquency Psychological Explanations of Delinquency The Psychoanalytic View Intelligence and Delinquency Personality Factors The Psychopathic Personality Summary Study Questions 5 Social Development and Delinquency Kohlberg’s Moral Development Model Social Development Model Pathways to Delinquency Moffitt’s Research A General Theory of Crime: Another View of Persistent Criminality Sampson and Laub and Turning Points in Criminal Careers Summary Study Questions 6 Social Process Theories Differential Association Theory Discussion of the Theory A Note on Exposure to Media Violence and Delinquency Drift Theory Control Theories Internal Controls Social Control Theory: The Social Bond Institutional Connections and Delinquency Religion and Delinquency A Note on General Strain Theory Summary Study Questions 7 The Family and Delinquency “Broken Homes” and Delinquency Family Relationships and Delinquency The “Inheritance” of Delinquency Corporal Punishment and Delinquency Child Abuse and Delinquency Summary Study Questions 8 Schools and Delinquency The School as a Source of Motivation for Delinquency School Dropout and Delinquency School Safety Effects of School Shootings and Violence and Prevention Efforts Delinquency Prevention through Early Childhood Education 8 Legal Rights of Students at School Summary Study Questions 9 Drug Use among Youth Extent and Patterns of Juvenile Drug Use Correlates of Drug Use Geographical Social Explanations of Juvenile Drug Use Macro Explanations Social-Psychological Factors Personality Factors Drug Use and Delinquency Treatment and Prevention of Drug Use among Juveniles Drug Courts Preventing Drug Use among Youth D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) Summary Study Questions 10 Juvenile Gangs Studies of Youth Gangs Thrasher’s Study of Gangs in Chicago Whyte’s Study of Gangs in Boston Yablonsky’s Study of Violent Gangs in New York City Surveys of Gangs: The 1970s to the Present Miller’s National Survey of Gangs in the 1970s Klein’s National Survey of Gangs in the 1990s National Youth Gang Surveys Summary of Gang Studies MS-13: A “New” Gang Problem? Gang Identification Representing Graffiti and Hand Gestures Another Look at Female Gangs Why Do Youths Join Gangs? Structural Factors Psychological and Personal Reasons for Joining a Gang Why Do Gang Members Leave the Gang? Attempts to Prevent or Control Gangs Gang Suppression Community-Based Prevention Programs School-Based Gang Prevention Comprehensive Gang-Prevention Efforts Summary Study Questions 11 Female Delinquency Who Are Female Delinquents? Girls and Status Offenses Girls, Delinquency, and Theory Biological Explanations 9 Social Role Theory Liberation Theory Power Control Theory Feminist Perspectives Additional Considerations Summary Study Questions 12 Labeling and Conflict Theories Key Concepts of Labeling Theory Discussion of the Theory Labeling and Self-Concept Labeling and Behavior Connections with Juvenile Justice Conflict Theories Summary Study Questions 13 The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System An Overview of the Modern Juvenile Justice System The Processing of Cases through the System Transferring Cases from Juvenile Court Jurisdiction to Adult Court Jurisdiction Legal Guidelines for Waiver Decisions Confinement Consequences of Transfers Blended Sentences Other Considerations Diversion Restorative Justice Summary Study Questions 14 Police and Courts The Police The Role of the Police in Juvenile Justice Processing Cases The Court System Decision-Making Factors The Police Racial and Ethnic Profiling Situational or Interpersonal Factors Organizational Factors The Courts Other Considerations Summary Supreme Court Cases Affecting the Rights of Juveniles Processed by the Police and Courts Diversion Youth Courts Summary Study Questions 15 Juvenile Institutions and the Treatment and Prevention of Delinquency 10
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