Justice after Virtue PDF
Preview Justice after Virtue
After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre, Edited by John Horton, Susan Mendus, 1995 __________________ JusAtfietcrVe i rtue CharTlaeysl or Int hpiasp Ie rs thratyloc l o mteog riwpistt hhe ex traoyrr diicnha ril analoyfts himeso deprrne dicaAmleanstd air AMfatcVelirnr tyre's in I tue!w inlolet v ebne gtiodn o j usttiotc hveee rgyr enautm boefr insiagnhtdte sld leitnwagii twlhh itchhbe o oakb ouWnhdasItw. a ntto dor atihtse ocr l emayor w nm inadst o. whiatctse nttrhaealsre aesn, d at stahmteei mcel amryi fyop wons irteiloatnto ti hveeIm nf. a tchti,s winlolrt e ablealt yw o-sotpaegreaa tsIih oanvm,ea diest o uRnadt.h er, I wiblel throturgythioorn uegtc onwshtarItsu ectetob e ctehnet ral insiogfth htbeso oiknm yo wnt eramnstd,h eraelifsnro o tmi tmoe timoef fearmienngd mIendn otistn.hgI is sh aclolma er outnod i tshseu e oft hnea tuanrde socfto hpeeo orfji uesst MiacceI.nh tiymrseoe fl f, courtsaeka,es st aonnid it ,nh icsh apter 17. I A goopdl atcose t aiwrsit t thht eh eesxipso uinncd headp 5to Aeffr t er Viert.Fu olloEwliinzgAa nbsectohmp baet'hs- barredeta,Mika2ic nIgn tyre showst hhgeor wo wsiennagsm eo nmga ndyi ffsecrheoonofmtl o sd ern phiplhotysh onaot' ougchabtne'd erifvreoadmn< iisns'o tth sleo w dawnoifanc go ntexlto-gftirrceuabetlu h rt,a tthhecero rlraoetfteh e _ decloirrn eej eocftt ihcoeon n cecpetnittoronma ulc ahn nctip ehlio sopthhyha utm lainwf aeds e finbeyadt elTohsse.h agrapbp ew tenet eh permiwsasyitsboa l regt uhesa otm etihasig nogow da tacnhsd mo eone ag oofda rmonet rho,en hea nadn,wd h aotnn ee etdoss a tyos hwot hat someioasng eo ohdu mabne ionngt ,ho et hjeurds,ot e nsoa tr eif,so r instoanAn rcies,t thoetolwrehy'i,swc ahus n doubtthmeeods lptowy e r fula nwdi desopfra enacdit ernatd iattti hodena swo nft hmeo ednr wor.(l pd. �6). Thcer upcoimawtlh iMcahc Inatdydtrsote h iitssh tahtde ce .nle i0 f teleocloongciecpactlai nonjnousbts e tu nderasstao nio dndpe nednet Justice After Virtue 17 development in science and epistemology. It also reflects a new under standtng of man's moral and spiritual predicament. He points here to the important role of Protestant and Jansenist theologies, with their sense of the po�erlessness of fallen human reason. (pp. 51-2) Because it will play a r:ole 1n my later argument, I should like to spell this connec tion out a l1ttle more fully. We might think that there are sufficient grounds to reject Aristotle's teleology once natural science has made the crucial transformation de scribed as 'the mechanization of the world-picture', wrought by Galileo, Descartes and their successors. This seems radically to undercut tele ological accounts in general, and in particular in biology. .M acIntyre · · menti.ons the de ppe ndence of Ari stleo' t s etohn hii sc'maelta pn h yVvs i, ews on h s caf · b1l0o gy'. But this insot so, Thneoti on that buroan beings have something like arel as qua h:uman caA be separared from the thesis that everything in nature heJaogs ta same dais or other, whose behaviour is explained by some Form orId ea Bec�se we no longer explain rhe...m..ove ments of srars and stones teleologic_ally does not Ill�_fil!.J!iat we canno� e�lain humans in these terms. This is not to say that the demise of explanation by the Forms did not have a traumatic effect on the tele ological outlook, or to deny that other big problems still remain, notably that of relating human to natural science once they are seen to invoke quite different explanatory principles. But it does mean that the mechanization of natural science by no means makes inevitable the changes in moral outlook which have often been justified by it. (I shall argue below that the very tendency to exalt scientific reasoning, and depreciate practical reason in relation to it, itself springs from the moral outlook of modernity.) Rather, the thesis which MacIntyre puts forward here, and with which I entirely agree, is that the change in the understanding of morality is to be explained itself in terms of changing moral vision. Changed views about the very nature of moral discourse and thought - like the new no 'ought' from 'is' principle - spring from substantive changes in moral outlook. The new meta-ethics may indeed be assisted in its progress by new scientific theories, but then there is also a notorious line of influ ence in the other direction. It has been well documented, for instance, how one important motive for embracing the new mechanism in the seventeenth century was theological in nature. One very important tra dition of thought in Christendom, which stressed the sovereignty of G?od and tended to be suspicious of Greek conceptions of a fixed cos mic ?rder, was happy to embrace mechanism in the seventeenth century, particularly over against the more extravagant nee-pagan excesses (as th�y saw them) of high Renaissance animism, as we see it in figures like Giordano Bruno. Something like this was the motivation, for instance, CharTlaeylso r 18 ofM arMienr sewnhnope l,a syuecadhn i mporrtoialntne ht de if sufoin oft hnee swc ieonuttilfioco k. Ag redaetoa frl e coicpaarclt.ti hoecnr. ee rwtaa_�sie �.en.slceyninc ee anmdo railnti htecyse en tausna. ea'ftsnt ,i m1eno u.cr 1vaitnltB.1out zi t iqsu iwtreot nofig x o n.n ol.yo dn1er� oenoc fct� asata1noPdn;O ,op und as toirnwy h iscchi ednitsicfiocv erbyn ncsghisam snp1 glnm eyoa rl outlionio ttksr ain. Behitnhfdea ct/svpalwlihutioe,cn he esmeeersig nDi anvgHi umde antdh beenc omadi onmgi tnhaenitmno e u cre ntluiraeny se, uw n edr� stanadnivdna gl uoaftf iroenea dnoddmi gnLietty t.mr teyog esture briteofwlaytr hdiisnasf eswe ntences. MacInptoyironeuti tstt sh eoloorgiigTcihanelss .e b emu unsdetr stoIot dh,ii nntk e,r omfts h set roafCn hdr itshtoiuaImgn eh ntt ioned aboIvnfe a.tc htse,y ntwhietGshri este hko uwgahastl waanyu nse asy a onFeo.sr o mteh intkhneeor tsoi fofi nx eadno dr decroesdmw ohso,s e prinocfji upslteiscfi ocuabltefdi o ouinnin dt swealisfn ,c ompwaittihb le thseo veroefiG gondTt.hy i onfkt hneo minraelbiesaltgl aiionns t ThomiTshmie.s siunoe nf eo rmucloantcieotrnhrn eee ldai tnGi oodn ofr eaasnowdni lIsl . cGoond stbryah iionsw encdr eastoti hohanet, hatsow ialg lo owdh iicash si w te rbeu iilntit toO? c caamno dt hers a offmeorr veo luntviaerwiG sotodpfi'o csw Aenry.t ehlissneege t mos belGiotdtT.lhR eee fortmoetorkhss ip si rsiiteduveawe,lhn e trhede iyd noatl waadyostp hte isnlatlmeeefc otrumaull Tahtreii ogonThfsh t.o mas verOscucsat mh ecna rdroiweinsnC hristienen vdneoermfw o rms, through, tfhboear t bteelxteaw mepelne J,Ja enssureiintgui hpstat ton ,d oudra y. Wec asne eea seinloyuw ghhty h Oec catmeimtpmeei rgw hetl come mechaansIim semn,t iaobnoHeveder a.elt a isastn u ttneerulvtyiwr e al . oft huen ivwearistteioh,n a gvp eu rpgoisvetesoin b t y s ovefiraetign Thfea ct/svpialfislir utase t t h eoltohgeiascniGadsol ,d i astfi rtshte sobleen efiBcuiatatt rh syit.sa t ghseep irmiottuiavolaft t hivioisnie s w . evidTehnteth .ei spsi rso potuond deefdGe onddf' rse eodfco hmeo ic Latseorm etohfti hncigos n ceopfft rieoenid sto rmae nrsro£ent d o manA.sa gasienesoitun prga radigma sgp iuvrtepouno sb s yet hse natoufr ect ohseom ridcie nwr h iwceha rsee wtefi, ntdh erma rti hne thnea toufor ueor w nr easopnoiwneTgrh se.s e tdhewametat nadk e contbryoo blj ectthiwefo yrilndg, siuttbo tm hdieet mtaionnfidg ns �trumer�anstoaTnlh. pe u rptoosw ehsit chhse u rrouwnodriilsndg mstrume�endat rafelo 1uwnidt uhsiT.nh easree ptuhrepo ofls ie:fse self-praens�deh arvwtaa tlsia cotanel,rtl hpeeud r soufhi atp psisa�n,ne ass u�e� hetyo �ro�g ivbeynn a tBuurwteh .ac to nfdeirgsno intt ehyi r purs1swt tht aht1i sns o ttob ec arornii enadb lilnidc eson rtun iou discifpalsihbniuueotndn d ,e cro ntothffrea o rl- sciaglhcgtur eleslanao. t in Justice After Virtue 19 The changes are well enou�� known: reason is no longer defined . substantively, in terms of a vision of cosmic order, but formally, in terms of the pr?cedu:es that thought ou�ht to follow, and especially those involved m .fitting means to ends, instrumental reason; the he gemony �f reason 1s �onsequentl� �edefined, and now means not order ing our hves according to. the vision of order, but rather controlling desires by the canons of instrumental reason. Freedom consequently takes on a new meaning, and entails breaking loose from any external authorities in order to be governed solely by one's own reasoning pro cedures. And the source of obligation is no longer a cosmic order with out, but rather my own status as a sovereign reasoning being, which demands that I achieve rational control. I owe this, as it were, not to the order of things, but to my own dignity. Descartes was one of the founding fi res of this new outlook, and gu virtually all its themes are present in his work. In the Meditations, for instance, he makes clear that my coming to understand myself as I truly am, a thinking being, involves disengaging from the usual stance wherein I perceive things through the body - see the colour as in the rose, for instance, or experience the pain as in the tooth. I must assume a stance from which I can recognize that both colour and pain are really occur rences in the soul, albeit (we have reason to believe) caused by factors in rose and tooth respectively. This is the disengaged stance in which I see the body as a mechanism, mediating causal connections between world and soul. In his later writings on morality, the correspondence with Elisabeth and Le Traite des Passions, Descartes reinterprets the ancient moral traditions (particularly the Stoic) in the light of this new ideal of disengaged rational control. The hegemony of reason over the passions is no longer a matter of seeing through the latter in order to render them inoperative (as for the Stoics), but of understanding them in order to make them instrumentally subordinate. The passions are no longer analysed as opinions (dogmata), which have to be either quite exploded {Stoics), or aligned with my whole, reflective understanding of the good (Aristotle). Instead Descartes offers a functional theory of them, showing us how they ought to be used. The crucial place of the new �otion of dignity - which becomes explicit later with Kant - is already mdicated in Descartes by the important status he accords 'generosity', which in its seventeenth-century meaning designated the aristocratic virtue one displays when one has a lively sense of one's ow_n worth and ra�k an� the demands it puts on one. Descartes does n�t in. f�ct �a�e. a b1.g thing of freedo� but it is clear how the later notion 1s implicit 1n his Philopohsv. . Descan� is in fact an excellent illustration of the criss-crossing mo tives I mentioned above. Of course, he was moved by the tremendous CharTlayelrso 20 poten�ot fti� ham leicth�tar neia�do ifn naatshu efr oeu,ini tdnG aielol. Thissc ient1ficg/1ecmpao1lts itveem oouslcttol aeyna.Bdur stli itas l s cletahrah tew asm ovebdy ithdeeo afdl i saegnergda ntaiclono rtof Anthroaplio dleoaagnlisd cc ienthteioficrcoy bl olreaa,at st hyeh av� throutghhmeoo udtec runl tofuw rheiD cehs caiorsnt oeeft sh feuon drse. Thibsr iunstg os ptohiewn hte wreec asna syo met,ah nipden raghps raiqsuees tiaobnosu,t theo fMs atcrlunctatyrurgreuet'mi senA nf etr Vrtiu.eW hawteh avseh oswonf a irts h tahtme o demrent a-soe ftth hei c fa/cvtadliuceh odtooenmsoys t t aansadt imetlreusatstlh a,ds ictso v ereldi,tk heie n vesrqsueal raewo ,rt hcei rcuolfa tbtilhooenIo td . makseesn osnelw yi thcienrt eatihnoi ucatll oFooakrns A .r oitsetlian, the dsihvaribpsew iteoenn faancedtv uaalluc altaimivameksne oss ense. Ofc ourastt ehp,io si tnhdtee e fn doeftr h sep iltsie tm pttore edpt lhya t thjiusss hto hwosww rong Airswi,hs ottsohete loetr hiee sp orfo gress sciehnarcsee l etgoa ttetrdha es hB-uhtteh aweph .oa lreg umaebonvte habse edne sitgond eedt aucs h frowma yot fsh eiesti hnigTn hges . progorfes scise mnacyhe a vree fuAtreids tpohytsliaecn'shds i s bio logbyu,it dt o ensor tu oleut th inokfie ntghi intc esr omfts e olre , othseirlm aciro npct.Tes hseh ti feitnh oiuctallio uson kd errmdienteed byt hsec iecnhtainfiRgacet .th heserp hlaitsto sbeeae spn a orfatn ew understoaffn rdeienadgno mdm o raagle nTchyen. e utwroarollf d nature whaaivpteui rnpgio mstpeors i onnit itets dh ceo rroeftl haet e disensguabgjeNedec utt.ri atslh ipetr yot pyhe erou ghtt op ercieni ve thweo rilfd ,iht seo r eahliipszo et eintatysit ahfler aegee onfdt i gnity anrda ticoonnaltl.r o Butth weena rbee isnogalt dr emebnidolofglu os o bdyts h teh eorists oft hsep lWihtai.tss u pptoosb ee doa unt look-imnedteap-eentdheincta l finding, rsueltoetfrsi e nags oftnohirenp goa slslmi obrlpaeol s itions, turnst obo eju utts htpe r efeirnrteedr porfeo tnaet iaiomdnoe nagl otherss.t aoTgfteh ha iers g uminesno twr elaftaimvietlloiy aa ulIrslt . consiiunsn tmksai stnhgse p uriionudselpyev nadleiondfcti e trymt eatian ethpircoaplo swihtiiiconfhn a oscu,tt ragfiexto huresu lloyefd s i scourse int hien teorfoe nsoetu st lfooorkcr,ii nvga li nvitinoec eworshe nce. Buotn cea gnof artOhneecr a.an r gbuaecw ki,ta hlt lhr ee srocouefs morpahle nometnoos lhootgwhy a,t m etthai-sie nsto hotin clbia ysd e buatl sfoa lAslesl.o rotfas r gumheanvbtees e pnu fto rrw.dAfta er Viniutesc eolnfsc iesnttsir nas lealn oysfa re g umefontrth sii nps it,ti ng ArisatgoatiNlniese tt zwshcohpseoe,s iitsti hoonu tgobh ett hoen_y l consicsotnecnlftuo sprir oonp oonfet nhsteps l Iis th.anl otlta e tk ihs furthheerbreui ,tng enetrhaealsr eg umaesdn etpsl,bo yyM eacldnt rye . anodt haetrtse,tm ocp otn vuistn hciaenwt h awteh avteor eocgin.zas e oumro rraeloas niwnejg u csatn dnoow ti thmooudtoe fts h kiignwn hihc thsep lriutlo eustf ,oer x almeup sivnigr tteurewm hsi ccahnon tbe JusAtfitcVeeir r tue 21 neayts leegnmet-idn dteors icpatniedvv ea lucaotmipevonentI rs e.f rain frmog ogii nntthobi esc,a Itu sheit nhkea sreg umaernneot wrs e latively fmaiarlm idI b elcioenvvei Tnhcdeii nfugfili.cts swuhee wrieesg of rom herOer.p erhbaeptpstu ewtrh, e hraevw eeg oPte?o lpilkee yMraecInt adnm yeslwfa nta ctcotu hsHeea raenstd h Set eveonf-st oopn ust it poelmailcalnybd r ut-atlrlyy�io nf go rt�creo utghhe oiwrne � tico f disenfgra.egdeeaudmn dteh.geru iosfe i annd epenedsetnatbllyi shed, raotni�ulnyd enmieatbal-eTe htehwnieg c oo. n atrogf uoeoru or wn meta-eutsch aiilcflt,o rl 'esrAthi osrtto Btuettlh iiitsansi ' te.oad n other ranogfme o rvaile -wnso to,fc ournsaer,r otwoAl ryi stoowtnle's detdat ihleeoMrayc;I nsthyorhweos dw i veanrdss ues ceopfdt eivbelle opmetnhuten derstiant nedroimftns hg e viisbr;utn tue evse rtheless, thisa lmsaok seosm veiw esm orceo hersetnatttlahybao lnte h Derose.s thmiesa n atrhgauftir noogmn es'usb stvainettwih vreot uhgceho n necmteetdea t-h-fico r moonrepa'olss itthirootnuh giehm pdlf ioerm of mroeraasl-o inasif ntagellrle gitaintmdha tathteoe ,n lpyr obfloerm propoonfte hnfeta sc t/svpalwlaiuste tthhecaiatrws aebs a ?d Thsei mapnlsew etrh qitusoe sit'siy oenIs fm' o.r paols iatnidons meta-etthheiocrcialelos si enaltroyeev rw etnh,eo nno eu ght abtloe be toa rgiunee i ther Bduittrh deeec ttaicioalnise.msed o rceo mplicated. Doeist fforloltmoh twih sa t (aosumsrou rmpaihlne gn omeins{o logy covnincwieon ugg)th oct o nstihdeeet rho ifmc osd edrins enfgraegee-d \ ! doma sr efuatste hdpe,r onpeonotfts h sep clointrs eitddh eoaftA ris- totle? Tbheti osqo u wiAoclukwll.ew d o uhladvs eh owtnh iaintts h e forimnw hitchheh ya vceo mdeo wtno tuhsem soer paols iatrieons incohveirzie.nnr, tu ,la isin mgp ostshifebo lroemf sm ortahli nking whitchhep irro tagnoenviesrtctsah nenloeutss sih Bneuglpt.pe rhtahpes esseonftc hmeeo rvails cianob nes avienadm ore sopvhairsitainctated whictha kaecsc oouftn htiA sn.do fc ouraslpese,or hnaopptse; r haps thied eoafl mofdreerenids soo om u otft unwei twhh awtea re itthat inveitfaobrlucysie nsit noc oheBruweten c caen.an nostwt ehri s ques tiaop nr iWoerh ia.vt eog itvhee isdeea ar lufsno trh emiorn eAyn.d tehn eetdot riyms a dtehm eo ruer gbeynt thf ea tchtfa otmr a noyfu s inth 'eAi rstotcealmsipoa,mn fe'a caetlt esao sftt h e imdoedaelr nof freehdaovgmer eaaptp eIanld.eo endme,i g shuts ptehcatt itvshi erre taulnlooy n ien mtohdeea rgwneh oin so cto mmittost oemodero ther ofi tfsa cCeatonsn .be u ialnid d enitnti hmteoy d ewronrw lhdi hcahs 1 notto some extentth ibse eunn doseffhr rasepteeaMddnao dnmbi\y?yn g ofM acln'tcsyr rihetaivrceas i sed tShoti hsae r wgourmsreofyn a.tr , oncwee hdaevneo utnhcceer de deonftt hiseap lusr iionudselpye ndent meta-settlihelialcov ,pe esan ni pmortiasnswtuh eac:ta n/sbheould rescoufte hmdeo rvails wihiocnsh ap wntehdde i sttiomvreet a-?e thic Andb eyotnhdia sn,o tihsesaru rei Isfe sa.wr ere i gahnttd,h e ChralTeaysl or 22 'rAisltioamtnee't a-iestt hhreii cgo hntei ,nt hsee nosfoe fe fnrigt h forimnws h iwcehc annhoetlb p�t t� .ki.a nncdo nsattlrua eesg too � parotfos u mro rlailv esp,o shs1osi1 wbit ln e fapcetoe �p foelso acrep itfso r?mP sresutmhaebcylad yno s o tahcteo osfta baonnndigto hse aspeocft msoo urrla ilwv heiswc ehc anhneoltp i�1;1 iatststem risBn.ug t hopwo ssiitsbh ilipnesr ac?Tt hiaecn eswweegr 1 t�ote h qiusei nsow till have imcpoonrsteaqfnuoteor nu wcrhe osrl eea doifon ucgri zvaiotlnii. Iofn teh itnhktasht Ae r istmoetteal-iieanftn ah ociftcf t ehriesns e capacabtleeg ofroairne yso mnoer'tashl o utghheotn,nw ei slelte h e rivpaalc koafvg iee- wssa y difsreenegpdalogtumehs,mde e taic-osef t h lt hfea /cvtadliuceh o-taosam nuy n vibaabsflioeasr n a ltevreJn jaftei if orImnf.a pceto wphloae s ptiolr iebv ye atlhtiesr wniabltedli e vleu d .i ntgh eemlsvTehse.y bweui nlclli ena rmr aensyp aebcottuhstwe a ys thtahtei yn tfhaicTnthk ew.yi alllw abeyi snt rutmho res t'oAtreilian' thatnh ebyle iesvuer,r eptrietliyooinnun osgtl iylo in'ksveu i era'tn d 'tghoeo ldi feeve'wn,h itlheer ye pudtihaeotmnte h lee voefl theory. Ont hoet hhearnt dhm,eo roent eh itnhktasht Ae rs itontf eolrcimaasn bee scatpheed ,om noer etw hiitlnhlkta htme o depranc koaffgeterh se basfiosrc oah evrieanabtll tee rnative. Whiwcahoy n geo eosnt hiisss huagesr eiamtpt oarnfcoterh cer i tiquoen oef foefmr osd erPnairttyw .ho aiftsm e ainnt oftfheer ing morpahle nomewnhoilicoshgs yiu nte hs'e A ristmoetteal-iiesat nh'i c thtaht efsoero mfts h inakricenl glo yts ieteodc entfreaatlou for uers morlailIf ofen .te h itnhkpaset o wphloee m brtahcmeeo depranc kage inf aecstc tahpeefs oer ms, stehteehsne a msdo oniean wgaw yi tthhe se featOunretes a.k tehses me rioaunsdl yo,nj eu dtmghaeiay nct o sne� quentcheea yrs ea criefisecsnitpniagar oltf hs u malnia fnedd e rptaing frotmhh eu mnaonr Imfo.,nt hoet hhearno dn,te h itnhktasht ef somers oft houagrnheot et s capoanbel ewr,ie laltd ocyb o en vmiocdrtencu l tuorfe mubdudbtlem e u,cl he ssustr heia attc tudaelpslaa yrsm ut ch frothmen orasm i ts twhoeucolradfyl o. lr . Tihsi sai mvpeorrtiyas nsftuo er eonuturin rdee risnotgfma o neddr� rutyo,n cweee ngiantge hc irsi toifmq oudeem rent a-sMe.at lchni�etc y seetmos tloewaantr hdsese covinedtw h wahti aclhl tohwtasehrt ei s # av iawbaloyef b eionugt si'drAei ostt;ehlef ioaronmft's h uogt.hC on sequ�hnett elntydot s a kmeo desronc ietfya vcaaetl ofuti ehto wesn dof1'UIWl t�h eorasi �eesa,df iorn�ug n aawtaoym ainsbdmr a ke-U}-{P:·. sp.eaaktt�un eosfa s ocioertgya raurzoeu'dmne odt iuvniedsrttnsad'ig � ofe tihcsl.o, n t hoet hhearnf dr,a nlkeliayntn h oet hdeiertrc in.oIt h �ik l� �tw e fa.re� o�r'eA risttohtaenal liwlaethona w'ht eeno ucrp radc uc '.' ais om�� _omsm taes.hn i� gruerafi neictwaez. alO ylfc e uobsrassst oeehsnd,dpi o uenrdsoeimt se eaetnndfhgt e graa edetgmontg ai� e � n.1g m eu-cmtahkinesco p raalc dtiifcfewrietnuhctdoe uob;t s eeing JusAtfitcVeeir r tue 23 urdvsesa sa tmosf,o irn stdainsrctteaso,n i dn hsit bhpiert acwthiiccehs �bedt ehc ona�tr rn�d�rs�ntdiTnhgii.nss o t!yat bhcea fsoer p trhace ro teioscfc ietnpi azr1tp1acu1ocnn o ntreamysrp oociBeutty .pt rhaecstei ces neervtlhseess urevO.iu vrw aoy fl infeev seirnt kots h feu hlolr trhoart wouladt ntdie (tbI e liiewfve ce o)u bletd r ucloynt seiBnsetn theasm,i t foirsn ta.n ce MacnItyarneIdl eoapnp owsaiyotsnet hiisss (uHehe.a b se ehne avily criicetidfz ohri sst aonntd h sqi usetitoonoT .h)te r umtahyb es ome where buesBt.uw mtey ea mni heriets o b irntgh iisss tuote hf eo re. Thearrete h usf utrwtoqh ueesrt iwohniwsce hh avteoa ddress to the lionfe argumieosnf tf eirtneh da t Firisst s,u basnttive AfteVri uret. the ethicawlh ivsciphsa iwtonhnefe da lmseet a-teot jhbsuieatc b andoned, orc ang/hoitut btero e sciunse odmf ero mS?e cond,e xtttoeh nattth e imtu sbtea bandiotsnh epidas,c koafig nea devqiueatwtobse et aken seriionou usdrli ya gonfmo osidse ranwsih tayt unacd oehrelbriueetns t badda,n gearnoddue ss trupcartcitvoierwc aeoy f l i?Of res hoiubtle d disnctoeiudnp aartlt e aassc to nfusionu,sb lritenonod du aercr tiunagl wayosft i hnkainnrdge acting,n oda onudpb otth eenndtcaein aglelry ouasn dde strbuucntto iptvr ee,ci ins ewtlahyywe sh itchhfe sa let heory indiocnai ttfecsas e ? Lemtec atlhlet sweqo u estrieosnpse ctthrieev seqcluuyee s atnido n thdei agnqousetsiatcnip dol nu,on ngt eo laotmo okrs ee riiosusosuf e s meteat-hwihcisMc ahc yIrnreta ises. II Id on omte atnoi n1tphlatyht fe a ct/svpalilisuutn me ip ortIann t. somwea yisit ts h meo sste riaonfudus n damcelnattihamaal rt i osuets oft hnee w conocfem potdieforrnne eTdhoimis.sw hyi,na s ense, MacInsteyertmeosg iviept r iodfpe l aicnte a lkoifon ugmr o dern cuulrates' emotIiitves im slbte'm.ao tfmi ocd evrine wsi,nt htiaotto , iusesbso tfhr otmh uen dereltyhioinffcg r eeadnofdmr otmh fee lt prersoes fut heatth sicceaplt wihcimicoshdm e srcni ecnutlittfiuecrn ed s tob rde,fe roamm ioxf maonredap li stemcoolnorsgaiitdcieBaoulnt s . iitas ol v sefrya mitloui saa,nr td h aer gumaegnatiishtn a svbtee eonf ten rcehardst;eo t hpeo int mwahnpeyer oewp ilnleol aw g rienlea i yntgh is . patruilcrta hetsori ess t. Threei sh,o we,va enrotihse,swr uh eicchl otisoste hc ee nttrhaelm e ofth spi arpa,en wdh iccohn ctehrpenr so psecroo pfee t htihceaolr ies. In�tr mosft hpea rma dciagosfejs utiicptei a,tg sr oouftp h inokfe rs, _ VlhihJc ohRna lwasn Rdo nald Dwkoerfiykug irnea sga,ar aienn ostth er ofwh ihc,s ayM,ic haWeall zerM icaahneSdla ndaerilei ntpaonrt sopeksemnO.ne h odlst haat th eyo orfj usotuigctheot gbeena elr, ChlaerTsay lor 24 applaycirnaoglss lso tciioeesr�t, � a lsatl la c oefr tlaeivo�ned le velop _ menTth.eo thbeervl eitseh a1tu st11sac tle e apsatr rtealltyi tvote h e particcuullatarun hrdie s toofar cyh s·oL ceitce'atslh le tswevo i ews � o/ _ thuen ivearnscdao lmimsutru traers1paenc,t ively. NowA fteVriu rest eevmesr ryev laenttot his Iitos fsfuweehr.as t appetaobr esa v ergyo oadr gumienfnv ato uorft he cuonimtmari an casAen.dM acInstpyercei tfiackauelptsl h yie s soufje u sitnci hcaep ter 17B.utth uen ivemrisgashlttibi sedlt il s saTthiuesn fiievde.mr isgahltist thitnhkha itos rh ecra isbes e isnigd e-srtaetpthpheeacrdno nfronted. Whahteo rs hteh iintskh sme o sitm ptoarpnoti onfatt heoofrj uys tice, itpso tenttoc irailtt ihceeix ziesr teianlsgie teytm,os lboeis nwt h at appetaobr eas d erivoafgt oioofdnrs o emx isptriancgt ices. It hitnhkta htii assm isreoafMd aicnIgn stt yhreeas'nit dsh ,Afta etr Viuretg ivuesas n e xcelblaesfniotser x amitnhiiens gsb uewete en univerasnacdlo imsmttusan riiBaunctso .n fuhsaiasor nif sreonrmu n nintgo gewthhaeIttr h ianrkde if fersetnrta onfd sat rhgeu m-eann t elitsoiw ohnip crhoo npenotfms o dedrins enfgraegeeaddrop emr one. Iw anttot rtyos epatrhaetomeu h te rLee.mt e t akuep three issues whiacrhe h aovbree ecno nsiidsne ormseeed n mseet a-eatnhwdih iccahl , divaitld eea stc ommamnuyn iftraorumin ainvse rsalists. ()1 At theo fc ehnadp9 t,pe osri ntghi es suAer iosftv oertslues NitezscMhaec,I nstpyeroaefka sno pposbiettiwoaennee tnh oifrc u les anodn oefv irAtcuceo.r tdoti hnfego rm'etrrh,ue l oefms o raolrli atwy ·. . arneo ttob ed erifvreoodmrj ustiintfi eerdom fss o mmeo rfeu n \d.a menctoanlc eopftt higeoo nof do mra n('p1 .21 )T.h tea rhgeeritse DworkLiant.e qru ohtReaew sl sto,s hotwh atl atthhtaeeas fr u nda mentdaelrliynv oetdoi fo nvt ihrett uheeasyrd: ee finientde romfrs u les orti gHheot p.p otshetisoasm ortahle wohriywc ohu bledg wiintt hhe vritues. Thiisms y fi rissts buueIts, h aplulti ni ts ldiifgfehrt(etl nhygto h uI thibnaks iecqaulilvyta elreImns sth.)o ullidtk oeo ppoasnee tc hoif _ ruletsoa ne thwihco msoer bea sciocn cietsph gteo oIdne. f f,Ie t chkti n thaimso utnott hsse a mdei stiTnocs tetieho wines.s , h oluolodb krfli ye att hAer istontoetlioioftan hnr e e laotfvi iornat nutdeh geo o.Thd e ter'mv iritusoe f,tu esne dp itcooku q tu aloiftt iweoks is n:edhi ret parutlifacarc oefwt hsai tss e eansa goosdu calhsgi efnes,ei r(toiytneh modesre!1n osrek )i,n dnoerlbs iesr,ya ;l eioltrps reo rpteiwehcsihh � ve thcef toefbc rti nagbionpugrt e,s eorrmv aiinnngti antighg eo doh �f: Let courtaegmep,ce erc,ano nstaanncdy s(o morene adijnutgsei.sc )5 catlhle lsaet' tpeersre rqvuianlgIi'ti t csie enst.tr oAa rlit sl'ttesoeh ory th:Wahti hleep icokusatg reat prmeasneyvr rtuiveistn,hgs e ear eal os considteofr aeildnl tt hofie r cslta asnstd,o pbreo ppaerrou ft e hg ood JusAtfitcVeeir r tue 25 leiB.fe niga. c aaucls ondiotfti hgoeon o ddo ensotr uoluebt e icnogn sttuivteoi f1 t. Therieas p arutli�ancrd erstoaftn hdgeio noagdtw orhke roeni en whicthhw eh ogloeol �fde cownittaihiptina nsr tipcaurltairabl ut go�ds, notj ut�s sa n_a ggreng.Ra attiht�oeeg ro oldeip futtsh.p ea r.gtoipadl s toegtrh1 ent hel':oi�p e?!r_�!� e-�-�r�r� !_nt �gt h_rep riop�rra nki,wt e arse . Pepoln�e:d t h.vei rotfcu oe�u gre_a, nadl tshoke i nodfi ns·hi -egc hatlls 'pohnr1e,sst od iscaenrmdna inatlaliengt iota hnoicrsed b eurtt h ese qaulsia t�ria elgsooo ds hwahvtiehc ephil rai cnie tt ,h eayra� p aorft whatthv ei rtaurmeees a tnots ustain. Nowii tas feoafmt unryeo detrhnre iaesMs a,c Inptoyironeut* ts, � ?1 <:> . thtahte cya nnaoibtdt eh kiisn odfr elaitnwi hoinoc,nh e eliesm ent hQID cauasnecd o nisttuoefna tn orthe.I t ac iesrn atdfe �anofdo ne inueflnltc ioanrsuotaflm odrner eatshooannt ce l esaororlutymt e ans froemn dFso.ur t iriliattnhasge,o oidhs a ppianneds sv,i rotnuleys can beg ooidn strulmyte:hn eatyrpa erel serqvuianlgwi ittihbeoesui ptna gr t ofw haitts o b ep reseArnvdse odmt.eh isnigmr giolefasoar n tyh eory whimcahk es rulIeftsh beua lsptioicimo nafmtt o er.ai lsi dttoyto h e rigahctt iontsh,ve i trhtmeuunesb stes eeanspu reelxye cuTthievye . cananlostso e aebspne a orftt h een bde,c atuhesedne i nso dte fintehda t way. SoM acInitrsyi rgtehos t et eh pel aaccec od trhdveei ratsuak e isn d ofl ittmeufssotd r i ismcirnaAtriinsgtf ortoemmlo idrnaee nt hical theory. BuItw antm atktoeh peal coef thet hcege ornaotilds sbueec,aI u se thitnhkei nsa bulse st of asgtteotet hr me o tivactoirooeftn haels e theeosIr.ti t hisesa mmei xtausbr eef oorfee p,i stgeimcaoanlmldoo ral cocnerns. Thee pisotleomgciocnasli dieser aastdiielosync reivbe�henod u,g h _ . rarth haerrtd oje ustAi tfhye.oo fre yt hwihcistc ahka es!ts bs asciocn ceapn to tnoi oft hheu magno osde etmops r esudpipfofismceeu tlat phsyiccaolnt cse,p tlhoiakftane o rma'tniavtewuh �rcehw' ec, a nno lognejru fsytA.in e thfiocu nodner du loerps r oce1dtsuh roeunsgo htt . tos hraet hdiisf ficIut lhtitynh.kwi hso al�rem en1ts�h oftu olfl holset,h gohuI s hanlolt ptuhrhisesur (eeIw .i tlolu bcnhe oflnyt he motitviafoontr h is bevlioienwws , e ctIiIoIn. ) Them orcaoln rsaitdieaormneos ri en terTehsetcyiab nnecg a.tpu red by� r�ecr ealteqdu alTihtefii resstf. r eieswd ho�cmhw, e a er� lready fanuhawri tAhnA. r isttohteesolerieyatm nods e rmtienape e r5s� aoran dimg purospefsr otmho er doefnr a tuTrobe eg. u ibd�er de a1s5 toon �cg udiebdy i nhstii ngtthooi rsd Beurtt.h meod enr no�tn otfr c�ans ISo fa c aacpiwthyi icsph r oceldydu erfi�a.nlW eea rrea uotnota el etxettn aht ouct hiinnakgc timveietctyes r tparionc eSdcuar_doascl,l .ir su ca hsc no stiesntchye, aonafpl rbyoelms sii· sn etle o re nn' tth es m aking
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