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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3534 CommencedPublicationin1973 FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors: GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen EditorialBoard DavidHutchison LancasterUniversity,UK TakeoKanade CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA JosefKittler UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK JonM.Kleinberg CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA FriedemannMattern ETHZurich,Switzerland JohnC.Mitchell StanfordUniversity,CA,USA MoniNaor WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel OscarNierstrasz UniversityofBern,Switzerland C.PanduRangan IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India BernhardSteffen UniversityofDortmund,Germany MadhuSudan MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MA,USA DemetriTerzopoulos NewYorkUniversity,NY,USA DougTygar UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA MosheY.Vardi RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,USA GerhardWeikum Max-PlanckInstituteofComputerScience,Saarbruecken,Germany Stefano Spaccapietra Esteban Zimányi (Eds.) Journal on Data Semantics III 1 3 Editor-in-Chief StefanoSpaccapietra DatabaseLaboratory,EPFL 1015Lausanne,Switzerland E-mail:stefano.spaccapietra@epfl.ch VolumeEditor EstebanZimányi UniversitéLibredeBruxelles LaboratoryofComputerandNetworkEngineering CP165/15,50av.F.D.Roosevelt,1050Brussels,Belgium E-mail:[email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2004117338 CRSubjectClassification(1998):H.2,H.3,I.2,H.4,C.2 ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-540-26225-3SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-26225-1SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springeronline.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2005 PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:11496168 06/3142 543210 The LNCS Journal on Data Semantics Computerized information handling has changed its focus from centralized data managementsystemstodecentralizeddataexchangefacilities.Moderndistribu- tionchannels,suchashigh-speedInternetnetworksandwirelesscommunication infrastructures,providereliabletechnicalsupportfordatadistributionanddata access, materializing the new, popular idea that data may be available to any- body, anywhere, anytime. However, providing huge amounts of data on request often turns into a counterproductive service, making the data useless because of poor relevance or inappropriate level of detail. Semantic knowledge is the es- sential missing piece that allows the delivery of information that matches user requirements. Semantic agreement, in particular, is essential to meaningful data exchange. Semantic issues have long been open issues in data and knowledge manage- ment.However,theboominsemanticallypoortechnologies,suchastheWeband XML, has boosted renewed interest in semantics. Conferences on the Semantic Web, for instance, attract crowds of participants, while ontologies on their own have become a hot and popular topic in the database and artificial intelligence communities. Springer’s LNCS Journal on Data Semantics aims at providing a highly visi- ble dissemination channel for most remarkable work that in one way or another addresses research and development on issues related to the semantics of data. The target domain ranges from theories supporting the formal definition of se- manticcontenttoinnovativedomain-specificapplicationofsemanticknowledge. This publication channel should be of highest interest to researchers and ad- vanced practitioners working on the Semantic Web, interoperability, mobile in- formation services, data warehousing, knowledge representation and reasoning, conceptual database modeling, ontologies, and artificial intelligence. Topics of relevance to this journal include: – semantic interoperability, semantic mediators – ontologies – ontology, schema and data integration, reconciliation and alignment – multiple representations, alternative representations – knowledge representation and reasoning – conceptualization and representation – multimodel and multiparadigm approaches – mappings, transformations, reverse engineering – metadata – conceptual data modeling – integrity description and handling – evolution and change – web semantics and semistructured data VI Preface – semantic caching – data warehousing and semantic data mining – spatial, temporal, multimedia and multimodal semantics – semantics in data visualization – semantic services for mobile users – supporting tools – applications of semantic-driven approaches These topics are to be understood as specifically related to semantic issues. Contributions submitted to the journal and dealing with semantics of data will be considered even if they are not within the topics in the list. While the physical appearance of the journal issues looks like the books from the well-known Springer LNCS series, the mode of operation is that of a journal. Contributions can be freely submitted by authors and are reviewed by the Editorial Board. Contributions may also be invited, and nevertheless carefully reviewed, as in the case for issues that contain extended versions of best papers from major conferences addressing data semantics issues. Special issues, focusing on a specific topic, are coordinated by guest editors once the proposal for a special issue is accepted by the Editorial Board. Finally, it is also possible that a journal issue be devoted to a single text. The journal published its first volume in 2003 and its second volume at the beginning of 2005. This is the third volume; the first one to be a special issue devoted to a specific theme. We are very grateful to Prof. Esteban Zima´nyi, from the Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles, for accepting the load of organizing this specialissue.Twoothervolumesareduetoappearin2005,andwillbefollowed in 2006 by a special issue on Emergent Semantics. The Editorial Board comprises one Editor-in-Chief (with overall responsibil- ity) and several members. The Editor-in-Chief has a four-years mandate to run the journal. Members of the board have a three-years mandate. Mandates are renewable. More members may be added to the board as appropriate. We are happy to welcome you to our readership and authorship, and hope we will share this privileged contact for a long time. Stefano Spaccapietra Editor-in-Chief http://lbdwww.epfl.ch/e/Springer/ JoDS Volume 3 — Special Issue on Semantic-Based Geographical Information Systems Geographical information has been established as a fundamental and strategic component of today’s decision-support systems. Geographical information sys- tems (GISs) have been successfully used in many diverse application domains, from land management to atmospheric and spatial observation, from history preservation and archaeology to biodiversity. However, new applications ask for enrichingthesemanticsassociatedwithgeographicalinformationinordertosup- port a wide variety of tasks including data integration, interoperability, knowl- edgereuse,knowledgeacquisition,knowledgemanagement,spatialreasoningand many others. Examples of such semantic issues are temporal and spatiotempo- raldatamanagement,3Dmanipulation,spatialgranularity,multipleresolutions, multiple representations, fuzzy and ambiguous geographic information, the re- lationshipbetweengeographicandphysicalconcepts,andidentityofgeographic objects through time. In addition, recent years have witnessed many technological developments that have radically changed how we understand information processing. Data warehouses and OLAP systems have evolved as a fundamental approach for de- veloping advanced decision-support systems. This led to improved data mining techniques allowing us to extract semantics from raw data. Furthermore, the success of the Internet generated a paradigm shift in distributed information processing leading to the area of the Semantic Web, in which semantics is the fundamental component for achieving communication both for humans and ap- plications.Atthesametime,mobileandwirelesscomputinghaveenteredevery- one’s life through dedicated devices leading to location-based services. Finally, Grid computing, a paradigm enabling applications to integrate computational andinformationresourcesmanagedbydiverseorganizationsinwidespreadloca- tions,pushesthefrontierofglobalinteroperability.Thefactthatalltheserecent developments are entering the geographic domain increases the importance of the elicitation of the semantics of geographical information. Thepapersinthisspecialissueaddressmanyofthetopicsmentionedabove. They all provide different insights about the multiple benefits that can be ob- tained by envisioning GISs from a new semantic perspective. As this is a rela- tively new domain, these papers open many new research directions that need to be addressed in future work. This research will definitely have a huge impact on the next generation of GIS applications and tools. March 2005 Esteban Zima´nyi Special Issue Editor Reviewers for the Special Issue I would like to thank all the reviewers for their excellent work evaluating the papers. Without their commitment the publication of this special issue of the JoDS journal would never have been possible. Andreas Abecker David Mark Thomas Barkowsky Daniel R. Montello Claudia Bauzer Medeiros Bernard Moulin Yvan B´edard Pedro R. Muro-Medrano Dave Bennett Leo Obrst Michela Bertolotto Christine Parent Alex Borgida Maria Teresa Pazienza Alain Bouju Donna Peuquet B´en´edicte Bucher Elaheh Pourabbas Barbara Catania Sham Prasher Jean-Paul Cheylan Sudha Ram Eliseo Clementini St´ephane Roche Christophe Claramunt Marco Schorlemmer Isabel F. Cruz Shashi Shekhar Paolino Di Felice Barry Smith Jean-Paul Donnay Stefano Spaccapietra David W. Embley Emmanuel Stefanakis Antony Galton John Stell Nicola Guarino Gilles Taladoire Diansheng Guo Sabine Timpf Stephen Hirtle Juan Carlos Trujillo Jerry R. Hobbs Nectaria Tryfona Gary Hunter Christelle Vangenot Panos Kalnis Peter van Oosterom Zdenek Kouba Laure Vieu Werner Kuhn Stephan Winter Alberto H.F. Laender Michael F. Worboys Maurizio Lenzerini Sergio Luja´n-Mora X Organization JoDS Editorial Board Carlo Batini, Universita` di Milano Bicocca, Italy Tiziana Catarci, Universita` di Roma La Sapienza, Italy Lois Delcambre, Portland State University, USA David W. Embley, Brigham Young University, USA Jerome Euzenat, INRIA Alpes, France Dieter Fensel, University of Innsbruck, Austria Nicola Guarino, National Research Council, Italy Jean-Luc Hainaut, FUNDP Namur, Belgium Ian Horrocks, University of Manchester, UK Larry Kerschberg, George Mason University, USA Maurizio Lenzerini, Universita` di Roma La Sapienza, Italy Tok Wang Ling, National University of Singapore, Singapore Salvatore T. March, Vanderbilt University, USA Robert Meersman, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium John Mylopoulos, University of Toronto, Canada Shamkant B. Navathe, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Antoni Oliv´e, Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya, Spain Jos´e Palazzo M. de Oliveira, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Christine Parent, Universit´e de Lausanne, Switzerland John Roddick, Flinders University, Australia Klaus-Dieter Schewe, Massey University, New Zealand Bernhard Thalheim, Brandenburg University of Technology, Germany Yair Wand, University of British Columbia, Canada Esteban Zima´nyi, Universit´e Libre de Bruxel´ıes (ULB), Brussels, Belgium Table of Contents Geospatial Semantics: Why, of What, and How? Werner Kuhn ................................................. 1 Spherical Topological Relations Max J. Egenhofer .............................................. 25 GeoPQL: A Geographical Pictorial Query Language That Resolves Ambiguities in Query Interpretation Fernando Ferri, Maurizio Rafanelli .............................. 50 A Fuzzy Identity-Based Temporal GIS for the Analysis of Geomorphometry Changes Myriem Sriti, Remy Thibaud, Christophe Claramunt ............... 81 Interoperability for GIS Document Management in Environmental Planning Gilberto Zonta Pastorello Jr., Claudia Bauzer Medeiros, Silvania Maria de Resende, Henrique Aparecido da Rocha........... 100 Semantic Information in Geo-Ontologies: Extraction, Comparison, and Reconciliation Margarita Kokla, Marinos Kavouras.............................. 125 Semantic Mappings in Description Logics for Spatio-temporal Database Schema Integration Anastasiya Sotnykova, Cristelle Vangenot, Nadine Cullot, Nacera Bennacer, Marie-Aude Aufaure ........................... 143 Data Semantics in Location-Based Services Nectaria Tryfona, Dieter Pfoser ................................. 168 GeospatialConceptualisation:ACross-CulturalAnalysisonPortuguese and American Geographical Categorisations Paulo Pires ................................................... 196 Author Index................................................... 213 Geospatial Semantics: Why, of What, and How? Werner Kuhn Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 26-28, D-48151 Münster, Germany [email protected] Abstract. Why are notions like semantics and ontologies suddenly getting so much attention, within and outside geospatial information communities? The main reason lies in the componentization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) into services, which are supposed to interoperate within and across these communities. Consequently, I look at geospatial semantics in the context of se- mantic interoperability. The paper clarifies the relevant notion of semantics and shows what parts of geospatial information need to receive semantic specifica- tions in order to achieve interoperability. No attempt at a survey of approaches to provide semantics is made, but a framework for solving interoperability problems is proposed in the form of semantic reference systems. Particular em- phasis is put on the need and possible ways to ground geospatial semantics in physical processes and measurements. 1 Introduction: Why Semantics? In some sense, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have always been based on semantics, sometimes even on explicitly defined semantics. For example, a GIS user in an environmental planning agency in Germany is likely to keep a heavy binder on her shelf. It is called the ATKIS Object Catalogue1 and its role is to define the object classes and attributes occurring in topographic data, both syntactically and semanti- cally. Similarly, land use and land cover databases have always been built according to some semantic classifications, such as the European CORINE standard [1]. So, what has changed, and what would it mean today for a GIS to be based on semantics? The answer is that access to and use of geospatial information have radically changed in the past decade. Previously, the data processed by a GIS as well as its methods had resided locally and contained information that was sufficiently unambi- guous in the respective information community [2]. Now, both data and methods may be retrieved and combined in an ad hoc way from anywhere in the world, escaping their local contexts. They contain attributes, data types, and operations with meanings that differ from those implied by locally-held catalogues and manuals. Since the se- mantics specified by these local resources is not machine-readable, it cannot be shared with other systems. Coping with this situation defines the challenges of semantic in- teroperability [3]. The notion of semantic interoperability is hard to pin down, for several reasons: it is somewhat redundant, there is no accepted formal definition, there are no bench- 1 http://www.atkis.de/dstinfo/dstinfo2.dst_gliederung2?dst_ver=dst S. Spaccapietra and E. Zimányi (Eds.): Journal on Data Semantics III, LNCS 3534, pp. 1 – 24, 2005. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005

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