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Journal of Applied Ecology Volume 41 2004 EDITORS S.J. Ormerod, E.J.P. Marshall, S.R Rushton and R.R Freckleton MANAGING EDITOR Gillian Kerby EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD J.P. Bakker E.J. Milner-Gulland J. Baudry S. J. Milton C.R. Dickman J.D. Nichols C. S. Elphick R.J. Paxton P. Hersteinsson P. Rothery M. O. Hill R. Sanderson G.R. lason G. Smith D. l. McCracken T. Tscharntke N. Mills J. Wilson Published for the British Ecological Society by Blackwell Publishing Ltd OXFORD EDINBURGH BOSTON MELBOURNE BERLIN TOKYO This journal is covered by ASCA, Chemical Abstracts, (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that BIOBASE/Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, the appropriate fee is paid directly to CCC, 222 Current Contents, Geo Abstracts, GEOBASE and Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Science Citation Index. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional © 2004 British Ecological Society. Authorization to purposes, for creating new collective works or for photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the resale. internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by The British Ecological Society for libraries and other Typeset by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong users registered with the Copyright Clearance Centre Printed in Great Britain by the Alden Group, Oxford. Contents Volume Contents Volume 41, Issue 1, February 2004 Twelfth BES Lecture 1 A. j. GRAY Ecology and government policies: the GM crop debate Review 11 T. TiCKTiN The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products Standard Papers 22 p. A. VESK, M. R. LEISHMAN & M. WESTOBY Simple traits do not predict grazing response in Australian dry shrublands and woodlands 32 j. FISCHER, D. B. LINDENMAYER &. A. COWLING The challenge of managing multiple species at multiple scales: reptiles in an Australian grazing landscape 45 D. J. AUGUSTINE & s. J. MCNAUGHTON Regulation of shrub dynamics by native browsing ungulates on East African rangeland 59 D. BAINES, R. MOSS & D. DUGAN Capercaillie breeding success in relation to forest habitat and predator abundance 72 L. BARRIOS & A. RODRIGUEZ Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines 82 w. MCDONALD & c. c. ST CLAIR Elements that promote highway crossing structure use by small mammals in Banff National Park 94 p. CALEY & J. HONE Disease transmission between and within species, and the implications for disease control 105 s. D. BROOMHALL Egg temperature modifies predator avoidance and the effects of the insecticide endosulfan on tadpoles of an Australian frog 114 TP. CROWE, E. L. SMITH, p. DONKIN, D. L. BARNABY & s. J. ROWLAND Measurements of sublethal effects on individual organisms indicate community-level impacts of pollution 124 H. BENNiON, J. ELUIN & G. L. SIMPSON Assessing eutrophication and reference conditions for Scottish freshwater lochs using subfossil diatoms 139 H. B. M. TOMASSEN, A. J. p. SMOLDERS, J. LIMPENS, L. p. M. LAMERS & J. G. M. ROELOFS Expansion of invasive species on ombrotrophic bogs: desiccation or high N deposition? 151 L. G. PERRY, s. M. GALATOWITSCH & c. J. ROSEN Competitive control of invasive vegetation: a native wetland sedge suppresses Phalaris arundinacea in carbon-enriched soil Special Forum: Parataxonomy in tropical and temperate conservation 163 Y. BASSET, v. NOVOTNY, s. E. MILLER, G. D. WEIBLEN, o. MISSA & A. J. A. STEWART Conservation and biological monitoring of tropical forests: the role of parataxonomists 175 p. z. GOLDSTEIN Systematic collection data in North American invertebrate conservation and monitoring programmes 181 D. H. JANZEN Setting up tropical biodiversity for conservation through non-damaging use: participation by parataxonomists 188 Instructions for Authors Volume 41, Issue 2, April 2004 Special Profile: Modelling species distributions 193 s. p. RUSHTON, s. J. ORMEROD & G. KERBY New paradigms for modelling species distributions? 201 J. L. FRAIR. S. E. NIELSEN, E. H. MERRILL, S. R. LELE, M. S. BOYCE, R. H. M. MUNRO, G. B. STENHOUSE & H. L. BEYER Removing GPS collar bias in habitat selection studies 213 L. A. GIBSON, B. A. WILSON, D. M. CAHILL & J. HILL Spatial prediction of rufous bristlebird habitat in a coastal hcathland: a GIS-based approach 224 P. JEGANATHAN, R. E. GREEN, K. NORRIS, 1. N. VOGIATZAKIS, A. BARTSCH, S. R. WOTTON, C. G. R. BOWDEN, G. H. GRIFFITHS, D. PAIN & A. R. RAHMANi Modelling habitat selection and distribution of the critically endangered Jerdon’s courser Rhinoptilus hitorquatus in scrub jungle: an application of a new tracking method 238 c. J. JOHNSON, D. R. SEiP & M. s. BOYCE A quantitative approach to conservation planning: using resource selection functions to map the distribution of mountain caribou at multiple spatial scales 252 M. CABE7,A, M. B. ARAUJO, R. J. WILSON, c. D. THOMAS, M. J. R. COWLEY & A. MOiLANEN Combining probabilities of occurrence with spatial reserve design 263 R. ENGLER, A. GUiSAN & L. RECHSTEINER An improved approach for predicting the distribution of rare and endangered species from occurrence and pseudo-absence data Standard Papers 275 W. J. PEACH, M. DENNY, P. A. COTTON, 1. F. HILL, D. GRUAR, D. BARRITT, A. IMPEY & J. MALLORD Habitat Selection by song thrushes in stable and declining farmland populations vi 294 р. LAiOLO, F. DONDERO, E. CILIENTO & A. ROLANDO Consequences of pastoral abandonment for the structure and Volume diversity of the alpine avifauna 305 A. AMAR. B. ARROYO, s. REDPATH & s. THiRGOOD Habitat predicts losses of red grouse to individual Contents hen harriers 315 M. FREDERIKSEN, R. D. HEARN, C. MITCHELL, A. SIGFUSSON, R. L. SWANN & A. D. FOX The dynamics of hunted Icelandic goose populations: a reassessment of the evidence 335 с. M. BEALE & p. MONAGHAN Human disturbance: people as predation-free predators? 344 c. MiSHRA. s. E. VAN wiEREN, p. KETNER. 1. M. A. HEiTKONiG & H. H. T. PRiNS Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya 355 J. DANNEWITZ, E. PETERSSON, J. DAHL, T. PRESTEGAARD, A.-C. LOF & T. JARVT Reproductive SUCCess of hatchery-produced and wild-bom brown trout in an experimental stream 365 o. DANGLES. M. o. GESSNER, F GUEROLD & E. CHAUVET Impacts of Stream acidification on litter breakdown: implications for assessing ecosystem functioning 379 K. E. HASKINS & c. A. GEHRING Long-term effects of burning slash on plant communities and arbuscular mycorrhizae in a semi-arid woodland 389 D. J. GUSTAFSON, D. J. GIBSON & D. L. NICKRENT Conservation genetics of two co-dominant grass species in an endangered grassland ecosystem 398 R. H. MARRS. J. D. p. PHILLIPS, p. A. TODD. J. GHORBANI & M. G. LE DUC Control of Molinia caerulea on upland moors Volume 41, Issue 3, June 2004 Review 413 K. NORRIS Managing threatened species: the ecological toolbox, evolutionary theory and declining-population paradigm Forum Papers 427 A. D. FOX Has Danish agriculture maintained farmland bird populations? 440 R. G. HUGHES & o. A. L. PARAMOR On the loss of saltmarshes in south-east England and methods for their restoration Standard Papers 449 o. A. L. PARAMOR & R. G. HUGHES The effects of bioturbation and herbivory by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor on loss of saltmarsh in south-east England 464 H. A. BEADMAN, M. J. KAISER. M. GAijvNiDi. R. SHUCKSMITH & R. 1. WILLOWS Changes in species richness with stocking density of marine bivalves 476 J. MATTHIOPOULOS. B. MCCONNELL, c. DUCK & .M. ET.DAK Using satellite telemetry and aerial counts to estimate space use by grey seals around the British Isles 492 D. WILKINSON. G. c. SMITH. R. J. DELAHAY & c. L. CHEESEMAN A model of bovine tuberculosis in the badger Meles meles: an evaluation of different vaccination strategies 502 c. A. MORRISSEY, L. 1. BENDELL-YOUNG & J. E. ELLIOTT Linking Contaminant profiles to the diet and breeding location of American dippers using stable isotopes 513 R. W. SUMMERS. R. E. GREEN. R. PROCTOR. D. DUGAN. D. LAMBIE. R. MONCRIEFF R. MOSS & D. BAINES An experimental study of the effects of predation on the breeding productivity of capercaillie and black grouse 526 p. THORBEK & T. BILDE Reduced numbers of generalist arthropod predators after crop management 539 J. E. CRESSWELL & J. L. OSBORNE The effect of patch size and separation on bumblebee foraging in oilseed rape: implications for gene flow 547 Y. M. BUCKLEY. M. REES. Q. PAYNTER & M. LONSDALE Modelling integrated weed management of an invasive shrub in tropical Australia 561 w. E. ROGERS & E. siEMANN Invasive ecotypes tolerate herbivory more effectively than native ecotypes of the Chinese tallow tree Sapium sehiferum 571 E. S. BARKER. H. OLET. C. VANDENBERGHE. K. DE MAEYER. R. SMIT. J. M. GLEICHMAN & F W. M. VERA Ecological anachronisms in the recruitment of temperate light-demanding tree species in wooded pastures 583 Editor's Note Volume 41, Issue 4, August 2004 Review 585 L. T. BENNETT & M. A. ADAMS Assessment of ecological effects due to forest harvesting: approaches and statistical issues Special Profile: Prediction and scale in applied ecology 599 R. p. FRECKLETON The problems of prediction and scale in applied ecology: the example of fire as a management tool 604 s. D. ETJHLENDORF & D. M. ENGLE Application of the fire grazing interaction to restore a shifting mosaic on tallgrass prairie vii 615 Q. PAYNTER & G. J. FLANAGAN Integrating herbicide and mechanical control treatments with fire and biological Volume control to manage an invasive wetland shrub. Mimosa pigra Contents 630 c. L. PARR. H. G. ROBERTSON, H. c. BIGGS & s. L. CHOWN Response of African savanna ants to long-term fire regimes 643 I. G. GILLESPIE & E. B. ALLEN Fire and competition in a southern California grassland: impacts on the rare forb Erodium macrophyllum Standard Papers 653 P. B. ADLER, D. G. MILCHUNAS. w. K. LAUENROTH, o. E. SALA & 1. c. BURKE Functional traits of graminoids in semi-arid steppes: a test of grazing histories 664 L. p. BUTTOLPH & D. L. COPPOCK Influence of deferred grazing on vegetation dynamics and livestock productivity in an Andean pastoral system 675 T. AMANO, K. USHIYAMA, G. FUJITA & H. HiGUCHi Alleviating grazing damage by white-fronted geese: an optimal foraging approach 689 A. BECHET, J.-F. GIROUX & G. GAUTHIER The effects of disturbance on behaviour, habitat use and energy of spring staging snow geese 701 J. E. MALO, F. SUAREZ & A. dIez Can we mitigate animal-vehicle accidents using predictive models? 711 s. KRAMER-SCHADT, E. REViLLA. T. wiEGAND & u. BREiTENMOSER Fragmented landscapes, road mortality and patch connectivity; modelling influences on the dispersal of Eurasian lynx 724 s. GARTHE & o. HUPPOP Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index 735 J. O. HAMPTON. P. B. S. SPENCER. D. L. ALPERS. L. E. TWIGG. A. P. WOOLNOUGH. J. DOUST. T. HIGGS & J. PLUSKE Molecular techniques, wildlife management and the importance of genetic population structure and dispersal: a case study with feral pigs Methodological insights 744 J. K. HILL & K. c. HAMER Determining impacts of habitat modification on diversity of tropical forest fauna; the importance of spatial scale 755 G. G. PARKER. D. J. HARDING & M. L. BERGER A portable LIDAR system for rapid determination of forest canopy structure 768 c. c. WEBBON, p. J. BAKER & s. HARRIS Faccal density counts for monitoring changes in red fox numbers in rural Britain 780 M. A. MCCARTHY & K. M. PARRIS Clarifying the effect of toe clipping on frogs with Bayesian statistics Forum 787 R. K. A. MORRIS. 1. s. REACH. M. J. DUFFY. T. s. COLLINS & R. N. LEAFE On the loss of saltmarshcs in south-east England and the relationship with Nereis diversicolor Volume 41, Issue 5, October 2004 Priority Contribution 793 R. E. GREEN, 1. NEWTON, S. SHULTZ, A. A. CUNNINGHAM, M. GILBERT. D. J. PAIN & V. PRAKASH DiclofcnaC poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent Forum 801 J. c. GASCOIGNE & R. N. Lipcius Alice cffccts driven by predation Standard Papers 811 J. M. MCPHERSON, w. JETZ & D. J. ROGERS The effects of species’ range sizes on the accuracy of distribution models: ecological phenomenon or statistical artefact? 824 R. K. HEIKKINEN, M. LUOTO. R. viRKKALA & K. RAIMO Effects of habitat cover, landscape structure and spatial variables on the abundance of birds in an agricultural-forest mosaic 836 F. SERGIO. L. MARCHESi, P. PEDRiNT, M. FTRRER & v. PENTERiANi Electrocution alters the distribution and density of a top predator, the eagle owl Bubo bubo 846 E. BRO. p. MAYOT, E. CORDA & F. REITZ Impact of habitat management on grey partridge populations: assessing wildlife cover using a multisite BACI experiment 858 M. D. MADHUSUDAN Recovery of wild large herbivores following livestock decline in a tropical Indian wildlife reserve 870 M. DEN HERDER. R. VTRTANEN & H. ROININEN Effects of reindeer browsing on tundra willow and its associated insect herbivores 880 R. F. PYWELL. J. M. BULLOCK, K. J. WALKER, s. J. COULSON, s. J. GREGORY & M. J. STEVENSON Facilitating grassland diversification using the hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus minor 888 M. A. RICKEY & R. c. ANDERSON Effects of nitrogen addition on the invasive grass Phragmites australis and a native competitor Spartina pectinata 897 A. c. TERRY, M. R. ASHMORE, s. A. POWER, E. A. ALLCHIN & G. w. HEiL Modelling the impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on Ca//M«u-dominated ecosystems in the UK 910 E. J. PHARO. D. B. LINDENMAYER & N. TAWS The effects of large-scale fragmentation on bryophyles in temperate forests 922 K. D. HOLL & E. E. CRONE Applicability of landscape and island biogeography theory to restoration of riparian understorey plants viii 934 I. PETERSEN, z. MASTERS, A. G. HiLDREW & s. J. ORMEROD Dispersal of adult aquatic insects in catchments of Volume differing land use 951 R. E. BLYTH, M. J. KAISER, G. EDWARDS-JONES & p. J. B. HART Implications of a zoned fishery management system Contents for marine benthic communities 962 K. MORiTA, J.-i. TSUBOi & H. MATSUDA The impact of exotic trout on native charr in a Japanese stream 973 B. s. PEDERSEN & N. J. MILLS Single vs. multiple introduction in biological control: the roles of parasitoid efficiency, antagonism and niche overlap Methodological Insights 985 A. c. FRANTZ, M. SCHAUL, L. c. POPE, F. PACK, L. SCHLEY, c. p. MULLER & T. J. ROPER Estimating population size by genotyping remotely plucked hair: the Eurasian badger Trace Elements in Applied Ecological Research 996 s. c. LUBETKiN & c. A. siMENSTAD Multi-source mixing models to quantify food web sources and pathways 1009 B. p. KENNEDY, B. KLAUE, J. D. BLUM & c. L. FOLT Integrative measures of consumption rates in salmon: expansion and application of a trace element approach Volume 41, Issue 6, December 2004 Review 1021 1. i. GORDON, A. J. HESTER & M. FESTA-BIANCHET The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservatio 1 and environmental objectives Standard Papers 1032 c. J. JOHNSON & M. p. GILLINGHAM Mapping uncertainty: sensitivity of wildlife habitat ratings to expert opinion 1042 B. c. ROBERTSON & N. J. GEMMELL Defining eradication units to control invasive pests 1049 c. .M. TAYLOR & A. HASTINGS Finding optimal control strategies for invasive species: a density-structured model for Spartina alterniflora 1058 J. D. BARKER & s. D. WILSON Using ecological restoration to constrain biological invasion 1065 G. DECOCQ, M. AUBERT, F. DUPONT, D. ALARD, R. SAGUEZ, A. WATTEZ-FRANGER, B. DE FOUCAULT, A. DELELis-DUSOLLiER & J. BARDAT Plant diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest: understorey response to two silvicultural systems 1080 R. BRYS. H. JACQUEMYN, p. ENDELS, G. DE BLUST & M. HERMY The effects of grassland management on plant performance and demography in the perennial herb Primula veris 1092 R. K. SMITH. N. V. JENNINGS. A. ROBINSON & s. HARRIS Conservation of European hares Lepus europaeus in Britain: is increasing habitat heterogeneity in farmland the answer? 1103 A. H. HIRZEL, B. POSSE, P.-A. OGGIER. Y. CRETTENAND. c. GLENZ & R. ARLETTAZ Ecological requirements of reintroduced species and the implications for release policy: the case of the bearded vulture 1117 s. c. VOTIER, s. BEARHOP, N. RATCLiFFTi. R. A. PHILLIPS & R. w. FXJRNESS Predation by great skuas at a large Shetland seabird colony 1129 M. FREDERIKSEN, s. WANLESS, M. p. HARRIS, p. ROTHERY & L. J. WILSON The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes 1140 S. S. C. HARRISON, J. L. PRETH', D. SHEPHERD. A. G. HILDREW, C. SMITH & R. D. HEY The effect of instream rehabilitation structures on macroinvertebrates in lowland rivers Methodological Insights 1155 D. J. HODGSON & s. TOWNLEY Linking management changes to population dynamic responses: the transfer function of a projection matrix perturbation 1162 s. L. KRAUSS & J. .M. KOCH Rapid genetic delineation of provenance for plant community restoration 1174 L. J. ELLIOTT, D. C. MASON, M. J. WILKINSON. J. ALLAINGUILLAUME. C. NORRIS. M. ALEXANDER & R. W'ELTERSThe role of satellite image-processing for national-scale estimates of gene flow from genetically modified crops: rapeseed in the UK as a model 1185 D. CAMPBELL. G. M. SWANSON & J. SALES Comparing the precision and cost-effectiveness of faecal pellet group count methods 1197 Index . I -I