Jobs for development challenges and solutions in different country settings

323 Pages·2016·1.701 MB·English

by  Betcherman, Gordon, Rama, Martín

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Jobs for Development
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Jobs for Development
Challenges and Solutions in Different
Country Settings
Edited by
Gordon Betcherman and Martin Rama
1
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Acknowledgments
The chapters in this volume were originally commissioned as background
papers for the 2013 edition of the World Development Report (WDR), the
flagship publication of the World Bank. The preparation of this edition,
entitledJobs,wasledbyMartínRama,withGordonBetchermanasamember
ofthecoreteam.
Thecountrycasestudiesinthisvolumewereselectedasgoodillustrationsof
the diverse range of jobs challenges identified by the WDR. Each of the
original papers had a member of the WDR core team as its coordinator.
Kathleen Beegle was the focal person for Mozambique, Gordon Betcherman
forTunisia,SamuelFreije-RodríguezforMexico,JeskoHentschelforUkraine,
and Martin Rama for Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea. A case study on
South Sudan, coordinated by Dena Ringold, could not be included in this
volume because of difficulties conducting further research. The chapter on
StLuciainthisvolumewaslaunchedsubsequenttotheWDR.
Generous funding for the preparation of these country case studies was
provided by bilateral donors. The Government of Denmark, through its
Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, supported the work on Mozambique and
Tunisia. The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
assisted with Papua New Guinea; Canada’s International Development
ResearchCentre(IDRC)withMexico;theGovernmentofDenmark,through
itsRoyalMinistryofForeignAffairs,withMozambiqueandTunisia;andthe
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), through the JICA Institute,
with Bangladesh. Additional funding was generously provided by the Deve-
lopment Economics Group at the World Bank, under the Knowledge for
Changeprogram.
The authors benefited from early discussions held at a workshop at the
World Bank in Washington, DC in December 2012. In particular, we would
like to acknowledge the contributions made by the workshop discussants:
PradeepMitra,ReemaNayar,LouiseFox,PabloAcosta,DiegoAngel-Urdinola,
David Newhouse, Manohar Sharma, Polly Jones, Sonia Plaza, Ihsan Ajwad,
ErwinTiongson,AlineCoudouel,andGladysLopez-Acevedo.
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Acknowledgments
Insightfulcommentsonadraftversionofthisvolumebytwoanonymous
refereesaregratefullyacknowledgedaswell.
Finally, the editors and contributors appreciate the encouragement, guid-
ance,andsupportprovidedbyAdamSwallow,AimeeWright,andtheediting
andproductionteamatOUP.
vi
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Table of Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofTables xi
ListofBoxes xv
NotesonContributors xvii
1. TheJobCreationChallenge:AcrossDevelopingCountrySettings 1
GordonBetchermanandMartinRama
2. Mozambique:JobsandWelfareinanAgrarianEconomy 20
SamJonesandFinnTarp
3. Bangladesh:JobsandGrowthinanUrbanizingEconomy 62
MahabubHossain,BinayakSen,andYasuyukiSawada
4. PapuaNewGuinea:Jobs,Poverty,andResources 102
ColinFiler,MarjorieAndrew,BenedictY.Imbun,Phillipa
Jenkins,andBillF.Sagir
5. StLucia:JobsandIntegrationofaSmall-IslandNation 139
AndrewS.Downes,EdwinStCatherine,andEzraJnBaptiste
6. Mexico:FormalizingtheLaborMarket 178
GabrielMartinez,NellyAguilera,andMarthaMiranda
7. Tunisia:JobstoCombatHighYouthUnemployment 217
Abdel-RahmenElLahga,MohamedAliMarouani,
andRimBenAyedMouelhi
8. JobsforanAgingSociety 255
OlgaKupets
Index 287
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List of Figures
1.1. Countriesincludedinvolume 4
2.1. Distributionofworkers,bytypeofemploymentandlocation,
1996/97to2008/09 29
2.2. Estimatesofaveragelaborproductivitybyeconomicsector,
1997,2005,and2009 35
2.3. Shareofrural/urbanagecohortstrustingthePresident,
2002,2005,and2008 36
2.4. ShareofworkerstrustingthePresident,byemploymentstatus
andlocation,2002,2005,and2008 37
2.5. Demographicsimulationsofformalsectorgrowth 46
3.1. PercapitaGDPgrowth,1975–2015 65
3.2. TrendsinthepovertyrateinBangladeshbyplaceofresidence,
1991–2010 66
3.3. Realwagetrendsingeneral,manufacturing,construction,and
agriculturesectors,1991–2009 77
5.1. AggregateLaborProductivityIndex(1995=100),1995–2010 162
6.1. ChangesinthecomponentsofGDP,Mexico,2008Q2to2015Q1 183
6.2. ChangesinthecomponentsofGDP,UnitedStates,2008Q2to2015Q1 183
6.3. Personalmarginalincometaxratesbyearningslevels,1997,
2007,and2014 189
6.4. PublichealthexpenditureasapercentageofGDP,1993–2013 193
6.5. Averagerealtaxablewages(2015pesos),1992–2015 197
6.6. Comparisonsofmaleearningsbetween1995and2011fordifferent
educationlevels,bybirthcohort(five-yearbirthperiod) 198
6.7. Comparisonsoffemaleearningsbetween1995and2011for
differenteducationlevels,bybirthcohort(five-yearbirthperiod) 199
6.8. Ratioofmale–femaleearnings,1995–2011fordifferenteducational
levels,bybirthcohort(five-yearbirthperiod) 200
6.9. Projectionofsocialsecuritycoverageto2110 205