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J S ™ AVA CRIPT P FOR ROGRAMMERS D ® D S EITEL EVELOPER ERIES D e i t e l ® S e r How to Program Series Java How to Program, 7/E C++ How to Program, 6/E Visual C++® 2008 How to Program, 2/E C How to Program, 5/E Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 4/E Visual Basic® 2008 How to Program Visual C#® 2008 How to Program, 3/E Small Java™ How to Program, 6/E Small C++ How to Program, 5/E Simply Series Simply C++: An Application-Driven Simply C#: An Application-Driven Tutorial Approach Tutorial Approach Simply Java™ Programming: An Simply Visual Basic® 2008, 3/E: An Application-Driven Tutorial Application-Driven Tutorial Approach Approach SafariX Web Books www.deitel.com/books/SafariX.html C++ How to Program, 5/E & 6/E Small C++ How to Program, 5/E Java How to Program, 6/E & 7/E Small Java How to Program, 6/E Simply C++: An Application-Driven Visual Basic 2008 How to Program Tutorial Approach Visual C# 2008 How to Program, 3/E Simply Visual Basic 2008: An Application-Driven Tutorial Approach, 3/E i e s P a g e Deitel® Developer Series AJAX, Rich Internet Applications and C# 2008 for Programmers, 3/E Web Development for Programmers Java for Programmers C++ for Programmers Javascript for Programmers LiveLessons Video Learning Products www.deitel.com/books/LiveLessons/ Java Fundamentals Parts 1 and 2 C++ Fundamentals Parts 1 and 2 C# Fundamentals Parts 1 and 2 JavaScript Fundamentals Parts 1 and 2 To follow the Deitel publishing program, please register for the free Deitel® Buzz Online e-mail newsletter at: www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html To communicate with the authors, send e-mail to: [email protected] For information on government and corporate Dive-Into®Series on-site seminars offered by Deitel & Associates, Inc. worldwide, visit: www.deitel.com/training/ or write to [email protected] For continuing updates on Prentice Hall/Deitel publications visit: www.deitel.com www.prenhall.com/deitel Check out our Resource Centers for valuable web resources that will help you master Visual C#, other important programming languages, software and Internet- and web- related topics: www.deitel.com/ResourceCenters.html Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U. S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 [email protected] For sales outside the U. S., please contact: International Sales [email protected] Visit us on the Web: www.phptr.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On file © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department One Lake Street Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 ISBN 0-13-700131-2 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at R.R . Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana. First printing, February 2009 J S ™ AVA CRIPT FOR P ROGRAMMERS D ® D S EITEL EVELOPER ERIES Paul J. Deitel Deitel & Associates, Inc. Harvey M. Deitel Deitel & Associates, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Trademarks DEITEL, the double-thumbs-up bug and DIVE INTO are registered trademarks of Deitel & Associates, Inc. Apache is a trademark of The Apache Software Foundation. CSS, DOM, XHTML and XML are registered trademarks of the World Wide Web Consortium. Firefox is a registered trademark of the Mozilla Foundation. Google is a trademark of Google, Inc. JavaScript, Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Microsoft, Internet Explorer and the Windows logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. MySpace is a registered trademark of MySpace.com. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. Web 2.0 is a service mark of CMP Media. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of WikiMedia. Throughout this book, trademarks are used. Rather than put a trademark symbol in every occurrence of a trademarked name, we state that we are using the names in an editorial fashion only and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. To Brendan Eich: For creating the JavaScript language while at Netscape Communications Corporation. Paul and Harvey Deitel Deitel Resource Centers Our Resource Centers focus on the vast amounts of free content available online. Find resources, downloads, tutorials, documentation, books, e-books, journals, articles, blogs, RSS feeds and more on many of today’s hottest programming and technology topics. For the most up-to-date list of our Resource Centers, visit: www.deitel.com/ResourceCenters.html Let us know what other Resource Centers you’d like to see! Also, please register for the free Deitel® Buzz Online e-mail newsletter at: www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html Computer Science Silverlight Java SE 7 (Dolphin) SharePoint Functional Programming Visual Basic Resource Center Skype Regular Expressions Visual C++ JavaFX Web Servers Visual Studio Team Sys- Wikis Programming tem Microsoft Windows Vista ASP.NET 3.5 Web 3D Technologies ASP.NET Adobe Flex Web Services ASP.NET 3.5 Web 2.0 Ajax Windows Presentation ASP.NET Ajax Alert Services Apex Foundation C# Attention Economy ASP.NET Ajax XHTML DotNetNuke (DNN) Blogging ASP.NET XML Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) Building Web C Microsoft LINQ Communities C++ Games and Game .NET Community Generated C++ Boost Libraries Programming .NET 3.0 Content C++ Game Programming Computer Game Pro- .NET 3.5 Facebook Developer C# gramming SharePoint Platform Code Search Engines and Computer Games Silverlight Facebook Social Ads Code Sites Mobile Gaming Visual Basic Google Base Computer Game Sudoku Visual C++ Google Video Programming Visual Studio Team Google Web Toolkit CSS 2.1 Internet Business System (GWT) Dojo Affiliate Programs Windows Presentation Internet Video Facebook Developer Plat- Competitive Analysis Foundation Joost form Facebook Social Ads Windows Vista Location-Based Services Flash 9 Google AdSense Microsoft Popfly Mashups Functional Programming Google Analytics Microformats Java Google Services Open Source & Recommender Systems Java Certification and Internet Advertising LAMP Stack RSS Assessment Testing Internet Business Apache Social Graph Java Design Patterns Initiative DotNetNuke (DNN) Social Media Java EE 5 Internet Public Relations Eclipse Social Networking Java SE 6 Link Building Firefox Software as a Service Java SE 7 (Dolphin) Location-Based Services Linux (SaaS) Resource Center Online Lead Generation MySQL Virtual Worlds JavaFX Podcasting Open Source Web 2.0 JavaScript Search Engine Optimiza- Perl Web 3.0 JSON tion PHP Widgets Microsoft LINQ Selling Digital Content Python Dive Into® Web 2.0 Microsoft Popfly Sitemaps Ruby .NET Web Analytics eBook .NET 3.0 Website Monetization Software Web 2 eBook .NET 3.5 YouTube and AdSense Apache OpenGL DotNetNuke (DNN) Other Topics Perl Java Eclipse Computer Games PHP Java Firefox Computing Jobs Programming Projects Java Certification and Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) Gadgets and Gizmos Python Assessment Testing Linux Ring Tones Regular Expressions Java Design Patterns MySQL Sudoku Ruby Java EE 5 Open Source Ruby on Rails Java SE 6 Search Engines Contents Preface xv Before You Begin xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 History of the Internet and World Wide Web 3 1.3 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 5 1.4 Web 2.0 5 1.5 Key Software Trend: Object Technology 7 1.6 JavaScript: Object-Based Scripting for the Web 8 1.7 Browser Portability 9 1.8 Web Resources 9 2 Introduction to XHTML 10 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Editing XHTML 12 2.3 First XHTML Example 12 2.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service 15 2.5 Headings 15 2.6 Linking 16 2.7 Images 19 2.8 Special Characters and Horizontal Rules 22 2.9 Lists 24 2.10 Tables 27 2.11 Forms 31 2.12 Internal Linking 38 2.13 meta Elements 40 2.14 Web Resources 42 3 Cascading Style Sheets™ (CSS) 43 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Inline Styles 45 3.3 Embedded Style Sheets 46 3.4 Conflicting Styles 49