IUTAM Symposium on Field Analyses for Determination of Material Parameters — Experimental and Numerical Aspects: Proceedingsof the IUTAM Symposium held in Abisko National Park, Kiruna, Sweden, July 31 - August 4, 2000 PDF
Preview IUTAM Symposium on Field Analyses for Determination of Material Parameters — Experimental and Numerical Aspects: Proceedingsof the IUTAM Symposium held in Abisko National Park, Kiruna, Sweden, July 31 - August 4, 2000
IUTAM Symposiumon Field AnalysesforDeterminationof Material Parameters- ExperimentalandNumericalAspects SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 109 Series Editor: G.M.L. GLADWELL DepartmentofCivil Engineering UniversityofWaterloo Waterloo, Ontario,Canada N2L3GI Aims and Scope oftheSeries The fundamentalqeustionsarising in mechanicsare:Why?,How?, andHowmuch? The aim of this seriesis toprovidelucid accountswritten by authoritativeresearchers giving visionand insightinanswering thesequestionson thesubjectofmechanicsasit relatestosolids. Thescope ofthe seriescovers the entirespectrumofsolid mechanics.Thus it includes the foundationof mechanics; vairational ofrmulations; cmoputational mechanics; statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies: vibrations of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity, plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and membranes;structural controlandstability;soils,rocks andgeomechanics; fracture;tribology;experimental mechanics;biomechanics and machinedesign. Themedianlevelofpresentationisthefirstyeargraduatestudent.Sometexstaremono graphs definingthe currentstateof thefield;othersareaccessibletofinal year under graduates;but essentiallythe emphasisison readability and clarity. Foralistof relatedmechanicstitles,seefinalpages. IUTAM Symposiumon Field Analyses for Determination of Material Parameters Experimentaland NumericalAspects Proceedingsofthe IUTAM Symposium held in Abisko National Park,Kiruna,Sweden, July 31 - August 4, 2000 Editedby P. STA.HLE Malmii University, Malmo,Sweden and K.G. SUNDIN Luled University a/Technology, Lulea, Sweden .... " KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON A Crl.P,Cataloguerecord forthsibook isavailable from the Library ofCongrse.s ISBN 1-4020-1283-7 PublishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishers, P.O.Box 17,3300AA Dordrecht,TheNetherland.s Sold anddistributedin North, Central and SoutAhmerica byKluwer Academic Publishres, 101Philip Drive,Norwell, MA02061, D.S.A. Inallothercountrie,ssoldanddistributed by KluwerAcademicPublishers, P.O.Box322,3300AH Dordrecht,TheNetherland.s Printedonacid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2003 KluwerAcademicPublishers Nopartofthis work may breeproduced,stored inaertrievalysstem,orrtansmitted inanyform or byany mean,selectronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,without wirttenpermissionfrom thePublisher,with theexception ofany material supplied specifically for thepurpose ofbeing entered andexecutedonacomputersystem, forexclusive usebytherpcuhaserofthe work. Contents ExperimentalMethods WHOLE-FIELD DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT WITH MOIRE INTERFEROMETRY AS A BASIS FOR A MICROSTRUCTURAL FE MODEL OFA POLYMER BONDED EXPLOSIVE, H.T.GOLDREIN, P.J. RAE,s.J.P. PALMER,ALLEWIS, G.MILESandN.ZAHLAN MEASUREMENT OF MICROSCOPIC RESIDUAL STRESS BASED ON THE EVOLUTION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING SHALLOW CHEMICAL ETCHING ,KYUNG-SUKKIM 11 THE INCUBATION TIME THEORY AND EXPERIMENT ,N.F. MOROZOVand Y. V. PETROV 13 AFFORDABLE TMF TESTING SUPPORTED BY FE SIMULATION, MAGNUSHASSELQVIST 17 IDENTIFICATION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF RAILWAY TRACK , VL MARKINE,A. P. DEMANandC.ESVELD 27 OPTICAL METHOD TO STUDY MA TERIAL BEHAVIOUR AT HIGH STRAIN RATES, JORGENKAJBERGandMIKAELSJODAHL 37 DETERMINATION OF CYLINDRICAL ELASTIC ORTHOTROPY IN WOOD BY DIGITAL SPECKLE PHOTOGRAPHY, L.O. JERNKVISTand F.THUVANDER 51 OptimizationTechniquesand SimulationMethods IDENTIFICATION OF ELASTICNISCO-PLASTIC MATERIAL CONSTANTS UNDER IMPACT LOADING ,SHIGERUAOKI,KENJI AMAYA,TOMOHIRONOGUCHI, PER STAHLEandKARL-GUSTAV SUNDIN 63 PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION FOR INVERSE PROBLEMS IN METAL FORMING SIMULATIONS,J.P. PONTHOT, J.P. KLEINERMANNandL. STAINIER 81 ONE STEP PREDICTION ERROR APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM OF CREEP AND VISCOPLASTIC MA TERIAL MODELS ,OLA WALLandJANHOLST 101 V AUTOMATED IDENTIFICATION AND CALCULATION OFTHE PARAMETERS OF NON-LINEAR MATERIAL MODELS ,RALF MOHRMANN 113 INVERSION METHOD USING SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION OF GREEN'S FUNCTIONS ,MUNEO HORI 123 DETERMINATION OF BALLAST PARAMETERS OF RAILWAY v.i: TRACK USING AN OPTIMISA TION TECHNIQUE , MARK/NEand C.ESVELD 139 ESTIMATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS AT ELEVATED TEMPERA TURES BY INVERSE MODELLING OFA GLEEBLE EXPERIMENT ,M. ERlKSSON, B. WIKMANandG.BERGMAN 151 Material Modeling HYDRIDE-INDUCED EMBRITTLEMENT INMETALS -STRESS AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ,A.G. VARIASandA.R.MASSIH 167 A NON-ISOTHERMAL MODEL FORTHE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OFA 12% CHROMIUM STEEL ,RALFMOHRMANN 179 SIZE EFFECT ON STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS OF CNS SPECIMEN WITH AN INTERFACE CRACK SUBJECTED TO MIXED-MODE LOADING ,KENJIMACHIDA 189 ON PENNYSHAPED EQUILIBRIUM CRACKS IN MATERIALS REINFORCED BYFIBERS ,MA.GREKOV,N.F. MOROZOVandN.V. PONIKAROV 203 IDENTIFICATION OFSTRESS FROM STRAIN FOR BODY WITH NOT FULLY IDENTIFIED CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS ,MUNEO HORland TOSHIHIROKAMEDA 217 EVALUATION METHOD OF INTERFACE STRENGTH BETWEEN THIN FILMS INLSI, TAKAYUKlKlTAMURA, TADAHIRO SHIBVTANI andTAKASHI VENO 231 LIST OF AUTHORS 239 VI ExecutiveCommittee P.Stable,Chairman,MalmoUniversity,Sweden K.G.Sundin,LuleaUniversityofTechnology P.Isaksson,Malmo University,Sweden J.Kajberg,LuleaUniversityofTechnology OrganisingCommittee P.Stahle,Chairman,MalmoUniversity,Sweden S.Aoki, TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Japan H.D.Bui ,EcolePolytechniqu,eFrance J.Engelbrecht,InstituteofCybernetics,Estonia J.Field,CavendishLabs,Cambidge,England J.F.Kalthoff,UniversityofBochum,Germany K.-S. Kim,BrownUniversity,USA N.Morozov,StPetergsburgStateUniversity,Russia M.Ortiz,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,USA VII PREFACE The symposiumwas motivatedby theincreasing need for modellinogfmaterial behaviourundervarious mechaincalconditions. This need is driven by the evoiolunt ofcomputer capaitcyand the resulting ability for engineers and stcisietsnto address complexproblems. Reliablemodels formaterialbehaviour, including accurate numericalvalues ofparamete,rasre necessary fora continued beneficial development ofthe computational side of solid mecha.nHicisgh rate plasticit,ythermally assisted creep and phasetransformationsare only a fewexamplesof areas where more accuratemodelsareneeded. Experiments are necessary for tehsetablishmentofmodels and paramete,rasnd modified versionsofconventional test methods can make importcaonnttribution.s Also modern opticalmethodsoffer a highpotentialfor futureexperimental development. Numerical simulatioonfsexperiments and so-called inverse modelling arealsofrequentlyusedtechniques. The aim of the symposium was to bring together researchers with an interest in the areaofexperimental and computational aspeocftms aterial modelling for exchange anddiscussionofpromisingmethodsandresults. Abisko,anationalparkintheSwedishmountain districtabout200kmnorth ofthe arctic circle and about one hourvderfiromthe airporotfKiruna,was chosen for the symposium.The tourist hotel in the pa,rokverlookinga beautiful lak,eoffered a suitablevenue for the symposium. This environment with tracks for short walks (and long hikes),goals for small excursions and a hotel with restaurant and bvaerthgae delegatesmany opportunitiesto mee,t socialiseand discuss during breaks and evenings. There were 30 delegat,eosfwhich 19 were authors; 20 papers by a tootfal45 authors were presented at the symposium. The papveersrecdoa wide scientific field within the scope ofthe symposiu,mand many different aspecotsfmaterial modelling wereilluminated.Extensivediscussionsaftereachpresentationwereenc.ouraged Inthe finaldiscussion onthelast dayitwasconcludedthatthisresearchfieldisan importantone for the future vdeelopmentof solid mechanics, both in industrial applications and in scientific resea.rTchhe importanceofunderstanding the physical phenomena governing material behaviour wofascourse recognised, but empirically based modelling inmore orless narrowapplicationareas ismotivated andofpractical importanceif physical understandingis lacking. Such models should be as mathematically simple as possible to facilitate easier determination of paraItmeters. was also stressed that a better communication between researchers in experimental mechanic,scomputational mechani,cssolid mechanics and material science is desired forthedevelopmenotftheareaofmaterialmodell.ing Financialsupportfrom Volvo Aero Corporaiton Sweden and The Knowledge Foundationisgratefullyacknowledged. PerStahleandKGSundin IX WHOLE-FIELD DISPLACEMENT MEASURE MENT WITH MOIRE INTERFEROMETRY AS A BASIS FOR A MICROSTRUCTURAL FE MODEL OF A POLYMER BONDED EXPLOSIVE H.T. Goldrein,PJ.Rae,SJ.P. Palmer CavendishLaboratory,MadingleyRoad,CambridgeCB3OBE,UK A.L. Lewis, G. Miles AWEAldermaston, Reading,BerkshireRG74PR,UK. N.Zahlan ICITechnology,POBox90,Wilton,Middlesborough,Cleveland TS908JE,UK 1. INTRODUCTION Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) are highly filled composite materials of crystalline high explosive in a polymeric binder matrix. The polymer binder provides structural integrity and mechanical strength. Although the polymer content ofa PBX may be as low as 5 to 10 volume percent, the chemical and physical structure ofthe polymer binder, and the nature of its interaction to the crystalline explosive filler, dominate the mechanical characteristics of the composite. PBXs find important applicationasthemaincharge explosiveinsomeweapons, andmayberequired tofulfil anengineeringrole,aswellasmeetingotherstringentrequirements. On the micron-scale, PBXs typically have a highly heterogeneous structure, embodying a range of explosive filler particle shapes and sizes, with consequent variations in the thickness and nature of the inter-particle binder layers. For these reasons the bulk mechanical properties can be hard to predict with precision. Interpretation and comparisons of test data from standard mechanical tests can be further complicated by the effects of ageing, changes to manufacturing processes or source materials, or even pre-test damage arising from stresses imposed on these relativelybrittlematerialsduringspecimenpreparation. Investigation of PBXs at the microstructural level by both experiments and modelling has provided key insight into the influential relationships between details of the molecular and microstructure of the PBX constituents, and the macroscopic properties of the bulk material. In this approach, high-resolution moire interferometry has been used to measure whole-field displacements with a sensitivity of order of tens 1 P.SttihleandK.G.Sundin[eds.),IUTAMSymposiumonFieldAnalysesforDeterminationofMaterial Parameters-ExperimentalandNumericalAspects,1-10. ©2003KluwerAcademicPublishers.PrintedintheNetherlands. R. Fiore et al. (eds.), Diffraction 2002: Interpretation of the New Diffractive Phenomena in Quantum Chromodynamics and in the S-Matrix Theory © Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003 2 H. T.Goldreinetal. of nanometres and a spatial resolution of approximately a micron. With the sponsorship andguidance of AWE Aldermaston, innovative experiments atCambridge University to visualise the details of PBXmicrostructureand measure localised deformations under quasistatic loading have been modelled at ICITechnology withsignificant success. The development of a finite element model for the microstructure offers apowerful tool for unravelling the intricacies of microstructural effects: using the model, it is possible to isolate and examine the influence of particular microstructural features (such as binder interlayer thickness, or explosive crystal size) on predicted deformation characteristics. The experimental data from Cambridge isused to improve the accuracy of and validate the model. Wereporthere theexperimentaltechnique,thepreliminarymodelling studies,and some earlyobservationsof microstructural effects. Both the experimental methods and themodellinghave broadapplicabilityto microstructurasltudies of a varietyofcomposites. 2. THE BRAZILIAN TEST Due to the inherent danger of testing explosives, experiments at the Cavendish are limited to samples of less thaanpproximately0.5 g, making the testing of uniaxial specimens impractical. Th"Berazilian"or "diametralcompression"test is used instead. Itis abiaxial method forestimating thetensile failure stress of amaterial by applying a compressiveload diametricallyto acylindricalsample. A vertical tensile failure is generatedinbrittlematerialsasshowninFigI.ure Simple elasticity theory' applied toplane anvils predicts that the tensile stress at the centreisamaximumgivenby 2P 0=.-an- ' (I) x whereP istheapplied forceD,isthe samplediameter antdisthe sample thickne.sTshe compressive stress at this point is three times the tensi.leItohnaes beenshown" that curved anvils tend to lower the shear stresses at the anvils, which in turn prevents premature sample failure. The effect on the central stress state has been investigated in thesamereferenceandthefollowingexpressionderived }, :;t{ ~ ~r Ox 1- ( (2) whereb is the contact half-width of the anvilsRanidstheradius of the specimen. This b/R ratio must be measured for the material being t.eTshteedcurvature of the anvils is chosen sothat thefraction is greater than0.27 since this isrequired for the failure tobe purelytensil.e In all of theexperimentsab/R ratio of 0.3 is assumed based on past tests with PBXs. Substitutingthis value into (2) gives caorrectionfactor of 0.91 on the stress predictedby equation(1). The tests described here have been on samples nominally 10mm indiameter and 4mm thi.cTkhe samples wereof ahighly-filled PBX based on thecrystallineexplosiveHMX (cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramiwniet)h a rubbery polyurethanebinder.
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