Issues in public health

296 Pages·2011·3.413 MB·English

by  Sim, Fiona, McKee, Martin

Public Health
Issues in Understanding Public Health D
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What is public health and why is it important?By looking at the cu
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foundations of public health, its historical evolution, the themes that s Issues in of N
underpin public health and the increasing importance of globalization, in ursin
this book provides thorough answers to these two important questions. g
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modern public health, such as tackling vested interests head on, a
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empowering people so they can make healthy decisions, and i n
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recognising the political nature of the issues. The new edition has been H rsity
updated to identify good modern public health practice, evolving from e Second Edition 5.62
evidence. New features include: a .15
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(cid:2) Two new chapters on the expanding role of public health, t 17
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covering the issues of sustainability and climate change, t [0
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human rights, genetics and armed conflict /1
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(cid:2) Expanded UK and international examples 6]. C
(cid:2) Examination of the impact of globalization on higher and op
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lower income countries righ
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(cid:2) Exploration of the tension between the population M
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approach and the personal behaviour change model of ra
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(cid:2) A variety of activities to help understanding and learning ill G
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Issues in Public Health 2nd edition is an ideal introductory text for ca
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higher education students studying public health in depth. n H
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interest in and commitment to the development of the multidisciplinary public by C. N
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wCovwer wde.soignp Heybnertu Dpesi.gcn o(cid:129).wuwkw.hybertdesign.com Fiona Sim & Martin McKee ission.
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Issues in Public Health f Nu
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Understanding Public Health Series [ Fa
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Series editors: Ros Plowman and Nicki Thorogood, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. f N
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Throughout the world, there is growing recognition of the importance of public health to sustainable, safe rsing
and healthy societies. The achievements of public health in nineteenth-century Europe were for much of the , C
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twentieth century overshadowed by advances in personal care, in particular in hospital care. Now, as we move ia
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into the new century, there is increasing understanding of the inevitable limits of individual health care and of gm
the need to complement such services with effective public health strategies. Major improvements in people’s ai U
health will come from controlling communicable diseases, eradicating environmental hazards, improving n
people’s diets and enhancing the availability and quality of effective health care. To achieve this, every country ive
needs a cadre of knowledgeable public health practitioners with social, political and organizational skills to lead rsity
and bring about changes at international, national and local levels. 5
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This is one of a series of books that provides a foundation for those wishing to join in and contribute to the .1
5
twenty-fi rst-century regeneration of public health, helping to put the concerns and perspectives of public health 8.1
at the heart of policy-making and service provision. While each book stands alone, together they provide a com- 17
prehensive account of the three main aims of public health: protecting the public from environmental hazards, ] a
improving the health of the public and ensuring high quality health services are available to all. Some of the books t [0
7
focus on methods, others on key topics. They have been written by staff at the London School of Hygiene & /1
8
Tropical Medicine with considerable experience of teaching public health to students from low, middle and high /1
6
income countries. Much of the material has been developed and tested with postgraduate students both in ]. C
face-to-face teaching and through distance learning. o
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The books are designed for self-directed learning. Each chapter has explicit learning objectives, key terms are rig
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highlighted and the text contains many activities to enable the reader to test their own understanding of the ideas t ©
and material covered. Written in a clear and accessible style, the series is essential reading for students taking M
postgraduate courses in public health and will also be of interest to public health practitioners and policy-makers. cG
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Titles in the series ill G
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Analytical models for decision making: Colin Sanderson and Reinhold Gruen al E
Controlling communicable disease: Norman Noah d
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Economic analysis for management and policy: Stephen Jan, Lilani Kumaranayake, Jenny Roberts, Kara Hanson and ca
Kate Archibald tion
Economic evaluation: Julia Fox-Rushby and John Cairns (eds) H
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Environmental epidemiology: Paul Wilkinson (ed.) ld
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Environmental health policy: Megan Landon and Tony Fletcher g
Financial management in health services: Reinhold Gruen and Anne Howarth s, L
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Global change and health: Kelley Lee and Jeff Collin (eds) C
Health care evaluation: Sarah Smith, Don Sinclair, Rosalind Raine and Barnaby Reeves . N
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Health promotion practice: Maggie Davies, Wendy Macdowall and Chris Bonell (eds) t to
Health promotion theory: Maggie Davies and Wendy Macdowall (eds) b
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Introduction to epidemiology, Second Edition: Ilona Carneiro and Natasha Howard re
IInssturoedsu icnt ipounb tloic hheeaalltthh , eSceocnoonmdi cEsd, iStieocno: nFdio Endai tSioimn: Laonrdn Ma Garutiinn nMescsK aened ( Vedirsg)inia Wiseman (eds) distrib
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Managing health services: Nick Goodwin, Reinhold Gruen and Valerie Iles te
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Medical anthropology: Robert Pool and Wenzel Geissler o
Principles of social research: Judith Green and John Browne (eds) r m
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Public Health in History: Virginia Berridge, Martin Gorsky and Alex Mold d
Understanding health services: Nick Black and Reinhold Gruen ifie
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Forthcoming titles y w
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Sexual health: a public health perspective: Kaye Wellings, Martine Collumbien, Wendy Macdowall and Kirstin Mitchell ith
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Confl ict and health: Egbert Sondorp and Annemarie ter Veen (eds) u
Making health policy, Second Edition: Kent Buse, Nicholas Mays and Gill Walt t pe
Environment, health and sustainable development, second edition: Emma Hutchinson and Megan Landon (eds) rm
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Issues in Public Health u
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Second edition m
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Edited by Fiona Sim and 17
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Martin McKee t [0
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Open University Press c
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McGraw-Hill Education lty
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McGraw-Hill House f N
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Shoppenhangers Road rsin
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Berkshire h
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email: [email protected] niv
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world wide web: www.openup.co.uk rsity
and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USA 5.6
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First published 2005 7] a
Reprinted 2008, 2009 t [0
First published in this second edition 2011 7/1
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Copyright © London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 2011 /16
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All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism op
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and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or rig
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transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or t ©
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the M
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tion) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 w
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Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. ill G
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library lob
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ISBN-13: 978-0-33-524422-5 l Ed
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ISBN-10: 0-33-524422-X ca
eISBN: 978-0-33-524423-2 tion
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ld
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CIP data applied for g
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Typesetting and e-book compilations by LC
Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk . N
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Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow. t to
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Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used re
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hcoermepina n(yin, p craosdeu cstt uodri eesv eonrt .in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, istrib
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Dedication [ Fa
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This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Jerry Morris CBE, a giant of public health and Emeritus ai U
Professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, who died in 2009, a few months short of his niv
100th birthday. ersity
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List of fi gures viii ai U
List of tables x niv
OIntvreordvuiecwti oonf ttohe t hbeo oSke cond Edition xxviiii ersity 5
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Section 1: Foundation of modern public health 1 5
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1 The emergence of public health and the centrality of values 3 7] a
Martin McKee, Fiona Sim and Joceline Pomerleau t [0
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2 Data on populations and mortality 21 /1
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Martin McKee, Joceline Pomerleau, Marina Karanikolos and Fiona Sim /1
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3 Understanding the burden of disease: using the available data 42 ]. C
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Martin McKee, Marina Karanikolos, Fiona Sim and Joceline Pomerleau py
4 Inequalities in health 78 righ
Martin McKee, Fiona Sim and Joceline Pomerleau t ©
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5 The impact of health care on population health 107 c
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Ellen Nolte, Martin McKee, Fiona Sim and Joceline Pomerleau ra
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6 Assessing the impact on population health of policies in other sectors 126 -H
Karen Lock, Fiona Sim, Martin McKee and Joceline Pomerleau ill G
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Section 2: Major determinants of health 147 l E
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7 The changing nature of infectious disease 149 atio
Richard Coker, Fiona Sim, Joceline Pomerleau and Martin McKee n H
8 Tobacco: still a global public health priority 168 old
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Anna Gilmore, Martin McKee, Fiona Sim and Joceline Pomerleau g
9 Recognizing contemporary determinants of public health: human s, L
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rights, armed confl ict and genetics 185 . N
FDioannaie lS Simw, eRrdolboywn, MMiacrhtaynel, AHboielm Leosn gasntda fMf, Baartyianr dM RcKobeeerts, ot to b
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10 Food, trade and health 215 re
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11 DTimra iLnasn, gd,u Jsotcbeilninse aPnodm deirsleeaause, Fs iona Sim and Martin McKee 234 istribu
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Giovanni Leonardi, Martin McKee, Fiona Sim and Joceline Pomerleau d o
12 Sustainable development and climate change – the ‘new’ determinants r m
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oFifo nhae aSltimh , Jenny Griffi ths and Martin McKee 244 dified
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Glossary 265 y w
Index 269 ay
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List of fi gures b
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Figure 1.1 The health fi eld concept 4 ai U
Figure 2.1 Heaping 23 niv
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FFiigguurree 22..23 PTohpeu elaffteioctn opfy aragme-isdtsa nodfa Krdaizzaakthiosnta –n carnudd Een agnladn ddi raencdt lWy ales in 2007 24 rsity 5
standardized death rates in males and females in the .62
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Netherlands (3-year rolling average) 28 58
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Figure 2.4 Illustration of the Health For All Database worksheet 37 1
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FFiigguurree 22..56 LMifaele e/xfepmecatlea nbciryt aht rbaitritoh in(i ns eyleeacrtse)d i nc osuenletcrtieesd European countries 3490 ] at [07
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Figure 3.1 Health-adjusted life expectancy 44 8/1
Figure 3.2 Probability of being healthy, by age and sex in Western Europe, 6]. C
Eastern Europe, and the Russian Federation 45 o
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Figure 3.3 Years of health expectancy, by age and sex in the Russian rig
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Federation, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe 46 t ©
Figure 3.4 Contribution of ill health and increased deaths to the gap in health M
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expectancy between the Russian Federation and Western Europe 47 G
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Figure 3.5 Plots showing that within group correlation of self-reported health w-H
status with other health indicators does not provide evidence for ill G
cross-group correlations 49 lo
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Figure 3.6 Relationship between rank order of conditions using mortality al E
and total disease burden 52 du
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Figure 3.7 Weighting allocated to a year of life at different ages 52 atio
Figure 3.8 The causal chain 56 n H
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Figure 3.9 The risk transition 58 ld
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Figure 3.10 Deaths attributed to 19 leading risk factors, by country income g
level, 2004 60 s, L
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Figure 3.11 Percentage of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to . N
19 leading risk factors, by country income level, 2004 61 ot to
Figure 4.1 The relationship between life expectancy and income b
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deprivation, England 80 re
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FFiigguurree 44..23 TInheeq uimalpitayc itn o inf cao rmedeu icnt itohne iUn nthitee ds izSeta otef ss, o1c9i9al0 c lass V 8838 istribu
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Figure 4.4 The Gini coeffi cient 89 d o
Figure 4.5 Income inequality (gini coeffi cient) and life expectancy for all 22 r m
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countries reporting to the Luxembourg Income Study, for the difie
period 1989–91 92 d
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Figure 5.1 Decline in mortality from tuberculosis in England and a
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Wales over time 108 w
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Figure 5.2 Age-specifi c all-cause death rates in cohorts of young people with y w
diabetes 113 ith
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Figure 5.3 Trends in infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality in ut p
East and West Germany between 1972 and 1997 122 erm
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