Isolation NASA Experiments in Closed-Environment Living

451 Pages·2002·3.52 MB·English

Isolation
NASA Experiments in Closed-Environment Living
Advanced Human Life Support Enclosed System
Edited by: Helen W. Lane, Richard L. Sauer, and Daniel L. Feeback
Volume 104
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES
A Supplement to Advances in the Astronautical Sciences
Published for the American Astronautical Society by
Univelt, Incorporated, P.O. Box 28130, San Diego, California 92198
The contributions of National Aeronautics and Space Administration authors to chapters 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2,
3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, and 7.1 of this book
were prepared as part of their official duties as employees of the United States government. In accordance with
17 U.S.C. 105, these individual contributions are not available for copyright protection in the United States.
Helen W. Lane
Dr. Helen W. Lane is the chief nutritionist for the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA). She has led efforts to define nutritional require-
ments for healthy crewmembers during spaceflight, stimulating nutritional
research that provided the basis for measuring dietary intakes on Space Shuttle
flights and extrapolating them to standards for other space programs. Dr. Lane has
completed research on body composition and nutritional requirements for energy,
water, electrolytes, protein, calcium, and iron. Her recent work has included set-
ting the nutrition standards for the International Space Station and the joint U.S.-
Russian Shuttle-Mir flights. Dr. Lane is the principal coordinating scientist for the
Habitability and Environmental Factors at Johnson Space Center and special
assistant to the director for engineering liaison. Dr. Lane was Branch Chief for
biomedical operations and research in the medical sciences division and also the
Manager of NASA’s Advanced Human Support Technologies Program, which
includes the chamber integrated human tests, advanced life support, space human
factors, and advanced environmental monitoring and control.
Dr. Lane received her B.S. from the University of California, Berkeley, her
M.S. from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and her Ph.D. from the
University of Florida. She attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government
at Harvard University in 1994. She served as assistant/associate professor of
nutrition at the University of Texas Medical Center from 1977 to 1984 and as
professor of nutrition at Auburn University from 1984 to 1989. At present she
serves as adjunct professor, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community
Health, at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. She has
published over 100 papers and one book. ■
Richard Sauer
Mr. Richard Sauer served as the chief of water quality onboard spacecraft
during his 33-year tenure at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), Johnson Space Center. Before retiring from federal service in January of
2000, his primary duty was to serve as the manager of spacecraft water quality in
which he led efforts to define the microbiological and chemical potability require-
ments for spacecraft-supplied water throughout the Apollo, Skylab and Shuttle
Programs and was responsible for assuring that the water used onboard all
spacecraft complied with these requirements. He defined the water system
performance requirements for the International Space Station and worked with his
Russian colleagues to ensure a safe and efficient water supply system onboard
Mir and the International Space Station. These unique efforts involved the direct
recycling of potable water from onboard wastewater streams including urine,
wash water and humidity condensate. To provide comprehensive analysis of
water samples, in particular recycled potable water samples, he developed the
water and food analysis laboratory that is recognized as a unique asset of
NASA. Mr. Sauer held various management positions at the Johnson Space
Center including the deputy branch chief of the biomedical operations and
research branch, manager of the Shuttle Food System throughout its development
and initial operations, manager of spaceflight personal hygiene, water and waste
management programs, and deputy director of the biotechnology program. In
addition, he has held an appointment as an adjunct professor at the uniformed
services, University of Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland. Mr. Sauer is a
registered professional engineer in the State of Texas and a retired Colonel from
the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. He received his B.S. in civil engineering
from the University of Notre Dame and his M.S. from the University of
California, Berkeley, in environmental engineering. As a result of his research and
development, Mr. Sauer has been awarded five U.S. patents in water quality
technology and in 1993 was selected as NASA’s Inventor of the Year.
Additionally, he wrote 50 peer-reviewed publications, five book chapters, 22
invited papers or presentations, and 16 NASA publications. ■
Daniel Feeback
Dr. Daniel L. Feeback is Head of the Muscle Research Laboratory and Technical
Director of the Medical Operations Clinical, Endocrinology, and Flight
Experiment Support Laboratories at the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center. His research is directed at inves-
tigation of the physiological consequences of space flight on the structure and
function of skeletal muscle. In addition, he serves as Space Shuttle Program
Mission Scientist and is a member of the Johnson Space Center Committee for the
Protection of Human Subjects.
Dr. Feeback received a B.S. in Medical Technology from Missouri Western State
College, completed his Medical Technology Internship at North Kansas City
Memorial Hospital, and received a Ph.D. in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
from the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. After receiving his
doctorate, he joined the faculty of the University of Oklahoma College of
Medicine as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anatomical Sciences. He
also served as Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Pathology, as well
as Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Colleges of Dentistry, Pharmacy and Allied
Health. Currently, he is Adjunct Associate Professor at Rice University in the
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering and lec-
tures at both the University of Houston and the University of Texas Medical
Branch in Galveston.
Dr. Feeback is a board-certified Clinical Laboratory Scientist and a member of
numerous professional and scientific societies, including the American Society
for Clinical Pathology, American Association of Anatomists, Histochemical
Society, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Experimental Biology
and Medicine, and is a founding member of the Society for Experimental
Neuropathology. Dr. Feeback has published over 75 scientific papers, two books,
and four book chapters and is a co-inventor on four U.S. patents. ■
Contributors
Constance Adams Lockheed Martin Space Operations Company Cheri Armstrong
Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Donna Baumer NASA Johnson Space Center Steve W. Beck Wyle
Laboratories, Inc. Kurt Berens Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Andrea Berman Lockheed Martin
Space Operations Company Gladys Block, Ph.D. University of California at Berkeley
Charles T. Bourland, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center John F. Boyd Wyle Laboratories,
Inc. Sandra E. Carr Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Cynthia Chmielewski Lockheed Martin Space
Operations Company Sean Collins NASA Johnson Space Center Betty Conaway NASA
Johnson Space Center Janis Connolly NASA Johnson Space Center Phillip A. Covington
Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Kelly Curtis Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Dominick D’Aunno, M.D.
National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Houston, TX Janis E. Davis-Street Enterprise
Advisory Services, Inc. Diane E. DeKerlegand Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Daniel
Eksuzian Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Stephanie A. Fanselow Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc.
Daniel L. Feeback, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Alan Feiveson, Ph.D. NASA Johnson
Space Center J. Vernell Fesperman Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Christopher F. Flynn,
M.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Tico Foley, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Patricia
L. Gillman Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Michael C. Greenisen, Ph.D. NASA Johnson
Space Center Theron O. Groves Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Mark E. Guilliams Wyle
Laboratories, Inc. Douglas R. Hamilton, M.D. Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Donald L. Henninger,
Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Albert W. Holland, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center
Katy Hurlbert, Lockheed Martin Space Operations Company John T. James, Ph.D. NASA
Johnson Space Center Jeffrey A. Jones, M.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Sid Jones NASA
Johnson Space Center Vickie L. Kloeris NASA Johnson Space Center Helen W. Lane, Ph.D.
NASA Johnson Space Center Stuart M. C. Lee Wyle Laboratories, Inc. John F. Lewis NASA
Johnson Space Center Thomas F. Limero, Ph.D. Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Deborah Lind Wyle
Laboratories, Inc. Jim Maida, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Millie Martin Wyle
Laboratories, Inc. Patrick J. McGinnis, M.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Kathleen A.
McMonigal, M.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Karen E. Meyers Lockheed Martin Space
Operations Company Satish K. Mehta, Ph.D. Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Shannon
Melton Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Doug Ming. Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Alan D.
Moore, Ph.D. Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Frances E. Mount, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center
Charles M. Murphy Futron Corporation Jennifer Muslin Futron Corporation Hai L. Nguyen
Futron Corporation Jeannie L. Nillen Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Ram Nimmagudda,
Ph.D. Universities Space Research Association Patrick O’Rear, Lockheed Martin Space
Operations Company C. Mark Ott, Ph.D. Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Nigel Packham,
Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Abhilash Pandya Lockheed Martin Space Operations
Company Terrence J. Pattinson, M.D. Kelsey-Seybold Medical Group, NASA Johnson Space
Center Lizanna Pierre Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Duane L. Pierson, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space
Center Lakshmi Putcha, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Barbara L. Rice Enterprise
Advisory Services, Inc. Chantal Rivera, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Clarence Sams,
Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Richard L. Sauer, P.E. NASA Johnson Space Center
Suzanne M. Schneider, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Linda Shackelford, M.D. NASA
Johnson Space Center John R. Schultz, Ph.D. Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Scott Simmons Wyle
Laboratories, Inc. Walter Sipes, Ph.D. Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Scott M. Smith, Ph.D. NASA
Johnson Space Center Myra D. Smith Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc. Laura Supra Allied
Signal Terry Tri, NASA Johnson Space Center Steven Vander Ark Wyle Laboratories, Inc.
Yael Vodovotz, Ph.D. NASA Johnson Space Center Mihriban Whitmore, Ph.D. Lockheed
Martin Space Operations Company Dave R. Williams, M.D. NASA Johnson Space Center
W. Jon Williams, Ph.D. Wyle Laboratories, Inc. Barbara Woolford NASA Johnson Space
Center Lilly Yang Ph.D Wyle Laboratories, Inc.
Industry and Academic Contributors
Bend Research Company LynnTech Incorporated
Bend, OR College Station, TX
Brown & Root Services Marshall Space Flight Center
Houston, TX Huntsville, AL
Foster Miller Media Services Incorporated
Waltham, MA Houston, TX
GB Tech Metrica, Incorporated
Houston, TX Houston, TX
Hamilton Sundstrand Space Reaction Engineering Incorporated
System International Salt Lake City, UT
Windsor Locks, CT Space Center Houston
Hamilton Sundstrand Management Houston, TX
Services TDA Research Incorporated
Houston, TX Wheat Ridge, CO
Hernandez Engineering Umpqua Research Company
Houston, TX Myrtle Creek, OR
Honeywell Incorporated Wyle Laboratories, Inc.
Torrance, CA Houston, TX
Information Dynamics Incorporated Zellweger Analytics, Incorporated
Houston, TX League City, TX
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, CA Universities
Johnson Space Center Rice University
Houston, TX Houston, TX
Kennedy Space Center University of Alabama
Cape Canaveral, FL Birmingham, AL
Krug Life Sciences University of California at Berkeley
Houston, TX Berkeley, CA
Lockheed Martin Utah State University
Houston, TX Salt Lake City, UT
Acknowledgements
The editors of this volume would like to acknowledge many people for their
contributions, including all of the scientists and engineers which made the chambers
studies possible with the support of the Office of Bioastronautics. This list
includes Leonard Nicholson, George Abbey, John Rummel, Chuck Sawin, and
Will Ellis. Additionally, the editors would like to recognize Al Behrend for his
contributions as the director of the Advanced Life Support Program. The
crewmembers of course made an invaluable contribution in time and effort for
these studies. We also wish to thank those who made this book possible.
Hai Nguyen and Jennifer Muslin for editorial and organizational support, Donna
Baumer and Betty Conaway for production capabilities, and Sue McDonald for
her publishing expertise.
Note: Each study independently assigned the crewmembers subject numbers. A
single crewmember is not the same subject number throughout this book, but
rather may be referred to differently throughout the publication.
Front cover: Artist's conception of the Space Shuttle docked at the International
Space Station orbiting the Earth. Image of the Shuttle and Space Station created
by Marco Zambetti. Photos of the Earth, the Moon, and Mars were compiled from
the NASA archives, arrangement done by Sean Collins.
Back cover photo: S96-10208 (05/15/96) – Portraits of the Early Human Testing
test subjects outside of the building 7 20-foot chamber – standing on the catwalk
outside of the chamber are the Phase II prime crew of Doug Ming, Katy Hurlbert,
Patrick O’Rear and John Lewis as well as the backup crew of Nigel Packham,
Stephanie Ayers, Terry Tri and Fred Smith.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Isolation and Integrated Testing: an Introduction to the Lunar-Mars Life
Support Test Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Overview of the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 The Lunar-Mars Life Support Test Project: the Crew Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2. Overviews
2.1 Test Phases and Major Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Chamber Studies Medical Care Overview: Medical Officer’s Report . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3. Human Factors/Behavior/Performance
3.1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2 Habitability: an Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3 Acoustic Noise During the Phase III Chamber Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.4 Assessment of Sleep Dynamics in a Simulated Space Station Environment . . . . 131
3.5 Operational Psychology Countermeasures During the Lunar-Mars Life
Support Test Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.6 Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for the Lunar-Mars Life Support Test
Project Phase III Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.7 Sociokinetic Analysis as a Tool for Optimization of Environmental Design . . . . 165
4. Environmental Monitoring
4.1 Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2 Water Chemistry Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.3 Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.4 Crew Food Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
5. Medical Monitoring
5.1 Nutritional Status Assessment During Phases IIa and III of the Lunar-Mars
Life Support Test Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
5.2 Exercise Countermeasures Demonstration Projects During the Lunar-Mars
Life Support Test Project Phases IIa and III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
5.3 Reactivation of Latent Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
5.4 The Influence of Environmental Stress on Cell-Mediated Immune Function . . . 357
5.5 Physiological Effects of Iodinated Water on Thyroid Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
6. Training
6.1 Telemedicine During Lunar-Mars Life Support Test Project Phase III . . . . . . . . . . 397
6.2 In Situ Training Project: LMLSTP Phase III Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
7. Conclusions and Significance of Ground-Based Models
7.1 Habitability and Environmental Factors: the Future of
Closed-Environment Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
1.1
Isolation and Integrated Testing: an
Introduction to the Lunar-Mars
Life Support Test Project
Dave R. Williams, M.D., F.R.C.P.
“Present technologies on the shuttle allow for stays in space of only about
two weeks. We do not limit medical researchers to only a few hours in the
laboratory and expect cures for cancer. We need much longer missions in
space – in months to years – to obtain research results that may lead to the
development of new knowledge and breakthroughs.”
– Dr. Michael DeBakey, Chancellor Emeritus,
Baylor College of Medicine, U.S. House of
Representatives, June 22, 1993
“One test result is worth one thousand expert opinions.”
– Wernher von Braun
Spectacular advancements in life on Earth can be made with the knowledge
gained through research on long-term space flight. In order to achieve long-term
space flight, however, there is much we need to determine. We began these cham-
ber studies to develop technologies, methodologies, techniques, and the knowledge
needed to make such flight possible. Before efficient long-term stays in space can
occur, NASA must determine how to best solve the issues related to a closed living
environment; these chambers studies were a test bed for such potential solutions.
Space flight has progressed rapidly from the territory of dreams, to tentative steps
of exploration, and now to an established endeavor and pursuit. We have experienced
great success sending humans into space, and we have currently made substantial
headway toward building and utilizing the International Space Station (ISS), where
humans can remain on orbit for months at a time. This platform in space will be
instrumental in gathering information on the human body and its response to the