Ismail Haji Abdullah PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

297 Pages·2009·10.51 MB·English

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THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS
THE INFLUENCE OF IMAM AL-JUWAYNI ON THE THEOLOGY
OF IMAM AL-GHAZÄLI
BY
ISMAIL HAJI ABDULLAH
TO THE
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED
UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS FOR THE DEGREE OF Ph. D.
1995
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I to thanks deep
wish express my profound and
for his
to Dr. R. A. Kimber
appreciation my supervisor
for
expert guidance, useful suggestions alterations or
to this times.
additions work and encouragement at all
I also wish to express my special gratitude
for
to Professor John Burton this work
who supervised
two years. His advice and criticism have been of great
during its
value, sustaining this work especially early
preparation.
I thanks to Dr. DEP Jackson for
owe a special
his
throughout
valuable guidance and assistance my
I to thank friend in
studies. want my who supported one
during in St. Andrews.
various ways my stay
I happy to thanks to the
am also express my
International Islamic University Malaysia,
which
three-year leave
granted me a study with generous
financial to for the time I
support pursue my studies
in the United Kingdom
spent
1
Finally, I thanks to
owe special my wife,
Rashidah Ahmad for her
moral support and patience, and
to my daughter Nur Afaf Ayman for their
and my son
understanding. Without their the
patience completion of
this have been impossible.
work would
ii
ABSTRACT
This thesis to in depth the
seeks study
influence Imam Imam
of al-Juwayni on al-Ghazali's
discussion theology the latter's
of and whether or not
ideas are properly derived from the former. The first
chapter deals with an analysis of the life of both the
Imams against the background of the religious milieu of
their time. The second chapter discuss the views of the
two Imams on dI1m al-Kaiäm. The third chapter attempts
to
compare and contrast Imam al-Juwayni's and Imam al-
Ghazali's
to the doctrine the the
approach of origin of
world and the existence of God. In the fourth chapter
we assess the views of the two Imams on the problem of
the attributes of God. The fifth chapter deals with the
human free The final
question of actions and will.
their.
chapter present views on prophethood and
messengership.
While Islamic have
many scholars a vague
that Imäm ideas theology depend
notion al-Ghazäli's on
heavily upon Imäm al-Juwaynl, this thesis attempts to
prove that Imäm al-Ghazäli's theological position and
views have been greatly influenced by his teacher, Imäm
This to this in detail.
al-Juwayni. work sets out show
111
NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION
Arabic Letter Transliteration Short Vowels
y
'(hamzah) a
y
b
u
i
t
CJ
.e
CV th
J Long Vowels
kn I'ä
ü
9'
(,
I
dh 5
c, /1
r
i
ý
Diphthongs
s
cr
sh
t
s aw
ý-
ý-
d
ay
t
z
ýain)
ý
gh
f
q
ý
k
J
1
J
m
11
f;
h
0
w
9
Y
L5
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Acknowledgements
111
Abstract
iv
Notes transliteration
on
V
Table
of contents
ix
Abbreviations
1
Introduction
Imäm
CHAPTER ONE: The World of Imam al-Juwayn3 and
al-Ghazäl3.
PART ONE
12
1.1.1 Political background
13
1.1.1.1 Sectarian altercation
21
1.1.2 Social background
23
1.1.3 Cultural background
PART TWO
26
1.2.1 The life Imäm
of al-Juwayni
27
1.2.1.1 Date birth
of
28
1.2.1.2 Place birth
of
28
1.2.1.3 Early
education
1.2.1.4 Travel to Baghdad and the Hijäz 31
35
1.2.1.5 Life at Nizämiyyah school
38
1.2.1.6 His teachers
Date death 39
1.2.1.7
of
1.2.1.8 The Imäm 39
works of al-Juwayni
1.2.2 The life Imam 40
of al-Ghazäl3
V
41
birth
1.2.2.1 Date
and place of
41
1.2.2.2 Family background
42
1.2.2.3 Early
education
52
Imam
1.2.2.4 The scepticism of al-Ghazali
55
1.2.2.5 Seeking the truth
after
68
death
1.2.2.6 Date
of
69
Imam
1.2.2.7 The works of al-Ghazäli
Imäm
CHAPTER TWO: The Views of Imam al-Juwayni and
`Ilm
al-Ghazäli on al-Kal5m.
71
2.1 The definitions of `Ilm a1-Kaläm
74
`Ilm
2.2 The view of the salaf on a1-kalhm
2.3 The views of Imam al-Juwayni on
80
'Ilm
al-t. aläm
2.4 The views of Imam al-Ghazäli on
84
`Ilm
al-kaläm
Imam
2.5 The views of Imam al-Juwayni and
the
al-Ghazali on problem of rational
97
(`aql
tradition and nagl)
and proofs
Use the
CHAPTER THREE: Imäm Doctrinal of
al-Juwayni's
Question of the Origin of the World and
its Influence on Imäm al-Ghazäll
118
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition of the words a1-`a1am and
120
a1-hudüth
120
3.2.1 AI-`älam
121
3.2.2 A1-hudüth
to
3.3 The origin of the world according
126
Imam
al-Juwayni
127
3.3.1 The first doctrine
3.3.1.1 The origin of the world
139
to Imäm
according al-Ghazdli
V1
3.3.2 The doctrine
second 143
3.4 The the God
existence and one-ness of
to Imam his
according al-Juwayn3 and
influence Imäm 147
on al-Ghazäl3
CHAPTER FOUR: A Discussion the Attributes God
of of
According to Imäm Imam
al-Juwayni and
al-Ghazäll
4.1 The the Muctazilah 157
views of
4.2 The the Mushabbihah 158
views of
4.3 The the Ashcariyyah 159
views of
4.4 The God to
attributes of according
Imäm 160
al-Juwayn3
4.4.1 First: the "Impossible Attributes"
God 160
of
4.4.1.1 The "Impossible Attributes"
of
God to Imam 163
according al-Ghazäli
4.4.2 Second: the "Necessary Attributes"
God 166
of
4.4.2.1 The
qualitative attributes
to Imim 172
according al-Ghazal3
4.4.3 Third: the "Possible Attributes"
God 181
of
4.4.3.1 Vision God to
of according
Imam 186
al-Ghazäli
CHAPTER FIVE: The Question Human Action
of and
Free Will 191
5.1 The human
analysis of action according
to the Jabriyyah 192
5.2 The human
analysis of action according
to the Mu`tazilah 194
5.3 The human
analysis of action according
to Ahl 199
al-Sunnah
5.4 The human
analysis of action according
to Imam 207
al-Juwayni
V11
5.5 The human
analysis of action according
to Imäm 214
al-Ghazäli
CHAPTER SIX: The Views Imam Imam
of al-Juwayn3 and
Prophethood
al-Ghazäl3 on and
Messengership
6.1 The 223
meanings of prophet and messenger
6.2 The 225
sending of messengers
6.3 The Imäm the
views of al-Juwayn3 on
227
notion of messenger
6.4 The Imam the
views of al-Ghazäli on
232
notion of messenger
6.5 Miracles (mucjizät) 235
6.6 Marvels (karämät) 239
6.7 Magic (sihr) 242
6.8 The the the
proof of messengership of
Muhammad to Imäm
prophet according
244
al-Juwayn!
6.8.1 Imäm the
al-Juwayni's rejection of
245
Jewish
reservations
6.8.2 Imam the
al-Ghazäli's rejection of
Jewish 247
reservations
6.9 Discussion the the
of proof of
the Qur'än
miraculousness of according
to Imäm 251
al-Juwayni
6.10 The the
aspect of miraculousness of
the Qurldn to Imäm
according
254
al-Juwayni
6.10.1 The the
aspect of miraculousness
the Qur'an to Imam
of according
257
al-Ghazäli
6.11 General 260
conclusion
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 262
Primary 262
sources
Secondary 275
sources
Appendix 284
Viii