Table Of Content

ISIS ~ SAJRJ\PIS IN THE ROMAN WORLD RELIGIONS IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN WORLD FORMERLY ETUDES PRELIMINAIRES AUX RELIGIONS ORIENTALES DANS L'EMPIRE ROMAIN EDITORS R. VAN DEN BROEK H.J.W. DRIJVERS H.S. VERSNEL VOLUME 124 ISIS AND SARAPIS IN THE ROMAN WORLD BY SAROLTA A. TAKACS EJ. BRILL LEIDEN · NEW YORK · KOLN 1995 7his series Religions in tk Graeco-Roman World presents a forum for studies in tk social and cultural JUnction qf religions in tk Greek and tk Roman world, dealing with pagan religions both in their own right and in their interaction with and irifluence on Christianiry and Judaism during a lmgthy period qf .fUndamental change. Special attention will be gU;en to tk religious history qf reginns and cities which illustrate tk practical workings qf tkse processes. Enquiries regarding tk submission qf works for publication in tk series may be directed to Prqftssor HJ. W. Drijvers, Faculry qf utters, Universiry qf Groningen, 9712 EK Groningen, 7he Netherlands. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Takacs, Sarolta A. Isis and Sarapis in the Roman world I by Sarolta A. Takacs. p. em. - (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, ISSN 0927-7633 ; v. 124) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004101217 (alk. paper) l. Isis (Egyptian deity)-Cult-Rome. 2. Serapis (Egyptian deity)--cult-Rome. 3. Rome-Religion. I. Tide. II. Series. BL2450.17T35 1994 299'.31-dc20 94---33778 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnalune Takacs, Sarolta A.: Isis and Sarapis in the Roman world I by Sarolta A. Takacs. - Leiden ; New York ; Koln : Brill, 1994 (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world; Vol. 124) ISBN 90-04-10121-7 NE:GT ISSN 0927-7633 ISBN 90 04 10121 7 © Copyright 1995 by E.]. Brill, Uiden, 7he Netherlands All rights reserved. No part qf this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval .rystem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission .from tk publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by EJ. Brill provided that tk appropriate fees are paid directly to 7he Copyright Clearance Center, 2 2 2 Rosewood Drive, Suite 91 0 Danvers .MA 01923, USA. Fees are su/Jject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Propagation and Adherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Question of Belief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Aspects and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CHAPTER TWO THE LATE REPUBLIC . . . . . . . . . . 27 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Creation of Illusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Numismatic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The monetales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A Roman Inscription from the First Century BCE . . . . . 51 Senatorial Actions Against the Cult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 CHAPTER THREE THE PRINCIPATE . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 The Julio-Claudians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Octavian Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Tiberius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Gaius (Caligula) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Claudius and Nero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 The Flavians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Vespasian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Domitian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 The Antonines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Hadrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Marcus Aurelius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Commodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 The Severi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Septimius Severns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 M. Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla) . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Elagabalus and Severns Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Toward a Christian Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Conclusion 127 CHAPTER FOUR THE RHINE PROVINCES . . . . . . 130 Germania superior and inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Germania superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Germania inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 CHAPTER FIVE THE DANUBIAN PROVINCES . . . 145 Raetia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 The Inscription from Augusta Vindelicum . . . . . . . . 148 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Noricum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Illyricum: Dalmatia and Pannonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 A Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Dalmatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Pannonia superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Pannonia inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Moesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Moesia superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Moesia inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii EPILOGUE 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A. Epigraphical Corpora CIG Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum. CIL Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. /DR Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae. IGBul Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae. IGRR Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes. ILS lnscriptiones Latinae selectae. ILLRP Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicae. IOSPE lnscriptiones orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini. ISM lnscriptiones Scythiae minoris. OG/ Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae. PIR Prosopographia imperii Romani. RIU Die romischen Inschriften Ungarns. SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum. SIG Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum. SIRIS Sylloge Inscriptionum Religionis lsiacae et Sarapiacae. B. Numismatic Corpora BMCRR British Museum Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Republic.

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ISIS ~ SAJRJ\PIS IN THE ROMAN WORLD RELIGIONS IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN WORLD FORMERLY ETUDES PRELIMINAIRES AUX RELIGIONS ORIENTALES DANS L'EMPIRE ROMAIN EDITORS R. VAN DEN BROEK H.J.W. DRIJVERS H.S. VERSNEL VOLUME 124 ISIS AND SARAPIS IN THE ROMAN WORLD BY SAROLTA A. TAKACS EJ. BRILL LEIDEN · NEW YORK · KOLN 1995 7his series Religions in tk Graeco-Roman World presents a forum for studies in tk social and cultural JUnction qf religions in tk Greek and tk Roman world, dealing with pagan religions both in their own right and in their interaction with and irifluence on Christianiry and Judaism during a lmgthy period qf .fUndamental change. Special attention will be gU;en to tk religious history qf reginns and cities which illustrate tk practical workings qf tkse processes. Enquiries regarding tk submission qf works for publication in tk series may be directed to Prqftssor HJ. W. Drijvers, Faculry qf utters, Universiry qf Groningen, 9712 EK Groningen, 7he Netherlands. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Takacs, Sarolta A. Isis and Sarapis in the Roman world I by Sarolta A. Takacs. p. em. - (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, ISSN 0927-7633 ; v. 124) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004101217 (alk. paper) l. Isis (Egyptian deity)-Cult-Rome. 2. Serapis (Egyptian deity)--cult-Rome. 3. Rome-Religion. I. Tide. II. Series. BL2450.17T35 1994 299'.31-dc20 94---33778 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnalune Takacs, Sarolta A.: Isis and Sarapis in the Roman world I by Sarolta A. Takacs. - Leiden ; New York ; Koln : Brill, 1994 (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world; Vol. 124) ISBN 90-04-10121-7 NE:GT ISSN 0927-7633 ISBN 90 04 10121 7 © Copyright 1995 by E.]. Brill, Uiden, 7he Netherlands All rights reserved. No part qf this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval .rystem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission .from tk publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by EJ. Brill provided that tk appropriate fees are paid directly to 7he Copyright Clearance Center, 2 2 2 Rosewood Drive, Suite 91 0 Danvers .MA 01923, USA. Fees are su/Jject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Propagation and Adherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Question of Belief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Aspects and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CHAPTER TWO THE LATE REPUBLIC . . . . . . . . . . 27 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Creation of Illusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Numismatic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The monetales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A Roman Inscription from the First Century BCE . . . . . 51 Senatorial Actions Against the Cult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 CHAPTER THREE THE PRINCIPATE . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 The Julio-Claudians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Octavian Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Tiberius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Gaius (Caligula) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Claudius and Nero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 The Flavians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Vespasian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Domitian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 The Antonines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Hadrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Marcus Aurelius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Commodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 The Severi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Septimius Severns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 M. Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla) . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Elagabalus and Severns Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Toward a Christian Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Conclusion 127 CHAPTER FOUR THE RHINE PROVINCES . . . . . . 130 Germania superior and inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Germania superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Germania inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 CHAPTER FIVE THE DANUBIAN PROVINCES . . . 145 Raetia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 The Inscription from Augusta Vindelicum . . . . . . . . 148 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Noricum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Illyricum: Dalmatia and Pannonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 A Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Dalmatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Pannonia superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Pannonia inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Moesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Moesia superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Moesia inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Short Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii EPILOGUE 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A. Epigraphical Corpora CIG Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum. CIL Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. /DR Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae. IGBul Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae. IGRR Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes. ILS lnscriptiones Latinae selectae. ILLRP Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicae. IOSPE lnscriptiones orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini. ISM lnscriptiones Scythiae minoris. OG/ Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae. PIR Prosopographia imperii Romani. RIU Die romischen Inschriften Ungarns. SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum. SIG Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum. SIRIS Sylloge Inscriptionum Religionis lsiacae et Sarapiacae. B. Numismatic Corpora BMCRR British Museum Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Republic.

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