IS 8930-2: Technical Product Documentation - Vocabulary, Part 2: Terms Relating to Projection Methods

12 Pages·2001·1.3 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

इंटरनेट मानक
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ”
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 8930-2 (2001): Technical Product Documentation -
Vocabulary, Part 2: Terms Relating to Projection Methods
[PGD 24: Drawings]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee””
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

IS 8930 (Part 2) :2001
ISO 10209-2:1993
wmm7m5-
a-ma*-a
m
—WA)
9TPT2 !Ja’TJT(da**mfwlfki?lq
Indian Standard
TECHNICAL PRODUCT
DOCUMENTATION — VOCABULARY
PART 2 TERMS RELATING TO PROJECTION METHODS
Ics 01.100

. .
@BIS 2001
*
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

December 2001 Price Group 3
Drawings Sectional Committee, BP 24
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 2)which isidentical with ISO 10209-2:1993 ‘Technical product documentation
—Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms relating to projection methods’, issued bythe International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of
Drawings Sectional Committee and approval ofthe Basic and Production Engineering Division Council.
ISO 10209-1 was published in 1992 and was accordingly adopted as IS8930 (Part 1): 1995. Now ISO
has published ISO 10209-2:1993. Inview ofthe above, the committee decided to adopt ISO 10209 –
2:1993. This standard (Part 2) establishes and defines terms relating to projection methods used in
technical product documentation covering all fields of application. Other part of this series is given as
follows:
IS 8930 (Part 1) :1995 Technical product documentation—Vocabulary : Part 1 Terms relating to
technical drawings: General and types of drawings (first revision)
The text of ISO standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard without
deviations. In this adopted standard, certain terminology and conventions are not identical to those
used in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring tothis standard, they should be read
as ‘Indian Standard’.
b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards the current practice
is to use a full point (,) as the decimal marker.
c) Only the English language text ofthe International Standard has been retained while adopting it
inthis Indian Standard.
d) Equivalent terms in French, German, Italian and Swedish as given in the ISO Standard have
not been included. Thus Note 2under the Scope and Annex Aofthis International Standard have
been deleted while adopt i ng itas Indian Standard.

Inthis adopted standard, reference appears tocertain International Standards forwhich Indian Standards
also exist, The corresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their place are listed
below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:
International Corresponding Indian Standard Degree of
Standard Equivalence
ISO 5456-2:1996 IS 15021 (Part 2):2001 Technical drawings Identical
— Projection methods: Part 2 Orthographic
representations
ISO 5456-3: 996 IS 15021 (Part 3):2001 Technical drawings do
— Projection methods: Part 3Axonometric
representations
ISO 5456-4: 996 IS 15021 (Part 4):2001 Technical drawings do
— Projection methods: Part 4 Central
projection
IS 8930 (Part 2): 2001
ISO 10209-2:1993
Indian Standard
TECHNICAL PRODUCT
DOCUMENTATION-VOCABULARY
PART 2 TERMS RELATING TO PROJECTION METHODS
1 Scope 3.4 coordinate axes:Three reference straight lines
inspace which intersect atthe point of origin, thus
This part of ISO 10209 establishes and defines
forming a coordinate system.
terms relating to projection methods used in
technical product documentation covering allfields NOTE 4 The term is often used to denote rectarrgu/ar
coordinate axes.
ofapplication.
3.5 coordinate plane: Each of the three planes
NOTE 1Terms whichare defined elsewhere inthispart
defined by any two ofthe coordinate axes.
ofISO 10209 are shown initalics.
NOTE 5 The term is often used to denote rectangular
2 Normative references
coordinate plane.
The following standards contain provisions which,
3.6 origin :Point ofintersection ofthe coordinate
through reference inthis text, constitute provisions
axes,
ofthis part of ISO 10209. Atthe time ofpublication,
3.7 rectangular coordinate system: Coordiante
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
system based on a reference system given by
subject to revision, and parties to agreements
three mutually orthogonal axes (rectangular
based on this part of ISO 10209 are encouraged
coordinate axes), originating from the same point
to investigate the possibility of applying the most
(origin), and their units of measure.
recent edition of the standard indicated below.
Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of NOTE 6 Normally referred to simply as coordinate
currently valid international Standards, system.
3.8 rectangular coordinates: The three
ISO 5456-2:-1), Technical drawings — Projection
rectangularcoordinates of apoint inspace relative
methods—Part 2:Orthographic representations.
toarectangle coordinate system arethe distances
ISO 5456-3:-1), Technics/ drawings — Projection ofthe point from the coordinate planes, inagiven
methods — Part 3:Axonometric representations. order.
NOTE 7 Normally referred to simply as coordinates.
ISO 5456-4:-1), Technical drawings—Projection
methods — Part 4: Centraiprojec tion. 3.9 rectangular coordinate axes: Coordinate

axes intersecting at right angles.
3 Terms relating to projectio n methods
NOTE 8 Normally referred to simply as coordinates
(see also table 1)
axes.
3.1 representation: Presentation of drawn 3.10 rectangular coordinate planes: Coordinate
information relating to any type of technical p/anes intersecting at right angles.
drawing. Generally either referred to a particular
NOTE 9 Normally referred to simply as coordinates
projection method, or adiagram. ‘ planes.
3.2 coordinate system: Basis for 3.11 polar coordinate system: Coordinate
establishing a relationship between each point in system based on a reference system given by a
space andthethree corresponding coordinates and polar coordinate axis and its units of measure.
vice versa.
3.12 polar coordinates: The three coordinates of
NOTE 2 The term isoften used to denote ractangu/ar
a point in space relative to a pokr coordinate
coordinate system.
system they are :
3.3 coordinates: Setofnumerical ordered values
(andtheircorresponding units of measure), giving the radius, (distance between the point and the
unequivocally the positiin ofapoint inacoordiante origin),
system. the azimuth (angle formed bythe vertical plane
NOTE 3 The term isoften usad to denote rectarrgu/ar passing through the point and the origin, and
coordinates. the polar coordinate axis), and
~o be pubhshed.

1
!?%
—-
1S8930 (Part 2) :2001
ISO 10209-2:1993
theangular height (angleformed bythehorizontal its main faces parallel to the coordinates pk,?es
plane passing through the origin andthe straight on one or more projection p/anes coincident with
line passing through the point and the origin). orparalleltothecoordinate planes.These projection
planes aretobeconveniently rotated onthedrawing
3.13 polar coordinate axis: Horizontally oriented
sheet, sothat the views ofthe object are positioned
straight line and its origin.
systematically relative to each other.
3.14 cylindrical coordinate system: Coordinate
3.25 first angle projection: Orthographic
system based on a reference system given by a
representation comprising thearrangement, around
reference horizontally oriented straight line and its
the principal view of an object, of some or all of
origin and units of measure.
the other five views of that object, With reference
3.15 cylindrical coordinates: The three tothe principal view, the other views are arranged
coordinates of a point in space relative to a as follows:
cy/irrdrica/ coordinate system; they are: — the view from above is placed underneath,
the radius (distance ofthe point from the vertical — the view from below is placed above,
axis passing through the origin), — the view from the left is placed on the right,
. the view from the right is placed on the left,
the azimuth (angle formed bythe vertical plane — the view from the rear isplaced on the left or
passing through the point and the origin, and
on the right, as convenient.
the reference horizontal oriented straight line),
and 3.26 third angle projection: Orthographic
representation comprising thearrangement, around
the height (distance of the point from the
the principal view of an object, of some or all of
horizontal plane passing through the origin).
the other five views of that object. With reference
3.16 projection method: Rules used to obtain a tothe principal view, the other views are arranged
two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional as follows:
object. Itimplies the choice ofthe projection centre — the view from above is placed above,
and ofthe projection plane. — the view from below isplaced underneath,
— the view from the left is placed on the left,
3.17 projection centre: Point from which all
— the view from the right isplaced on the right,
projection lines originate.
— the view from the rear isplaced on the left or
3.18 projection plane: Plane onwhich the object on the right, as convenient. .s.
,.-,
is projected in order to obtain a representation of
3.27 reference arrow layout: Representation in
that object.
which views and sections are freely positioned in

3.19 projection line; projector: Straight line the drawing. Each view and section is identified

originating from the projection c entre and passing with a capital letter repeated near the arrow
through apoint on the object to be represented. Its indicating the direction of viewing inthe principal
intersection with the projection p/ane gives the view.
image of that point of the object.
3.28 topographical projection: Orthogona/
3.20 parallel projection: Projection method in projection on a horizontal projection plane of the
which the projection centre isplaced at an infinite intersections of a series of equidistant horizontal
distance, and all projection /ines are parallel. planes with the surface to be represented. Each
intersection is shown by a level contour line
3.21 central projection: Projection method in
indicating the level ofthe intersection with respect
which the projection centre is placed at a finite
to a reference horizontal level.
distance, and all projection lines are converging.
3.29 level contour line: In a topographic/
3.22 orthogonal projection: Para//e/projection in
projection, intersection ofthe horizontal plane at a
which all projection /ines intersect the projection
predetermined level above or below a reference
p/ane at right angles. level with the surface to be represented.
3.23 oblique projection: Para//e/ projection in NOTE 10 Thelevelcontourlineisannotatedwithasingle
which all projection /ines intersect th$ projection orrepeated numbergivingtherelevant level intheproper
unit.ofmeasure.
p/ane atthe same angle other than 90.
3.30 pictorial representation: Technical or
3.24 orthographic representation: Orthogona/
artistic hi-dimensional presentation of objects
projections of an object normally positioned with
giving a realistic view.
“
IS 8930 (Part 2) :2001
ISO 10209-2:1993
NOTE 11 Inthefieldoftechnical drawings, axonometric scale. Byconvention, the projection along the third
and perspective representations, as well as X-ray and axis is reduced by a factor of two.
exp/oded views, are considered pictorialrepresentaions.
3.42 planometric axonometry: Ob/ique
3.31 X-ray view: Pictoria/ representation, normally
axonornet~ inwhich theprojection p/ane isparallel
inperspective, showing complex objects as ifthey
tothe horizontal coordinate plane.
were partially transparent, in order to reveal their
main parts.
3.43 perspective representation: Central
projection of an object on a projection plane
3.32 exploded view: Pictoria/ representation of
(normally vertical).
an assembly, usually in isometric axor?ornetry or
perspective representation, inwhich components
3.44 vanishing point: Point at which converging
are drawn tothe same scale and correctly oriented
lines meet when representing parallel straight lines
relative toeach other, butare separated from each
in perspective representation, Itis the image of
other in their correct sequence along common
the point at infinite distance of all parallel straight
axes.
lines.
3.33 axonometric representation: Parallel
3.45 one-point perspective: Perspective
projection ofanobject onasingle projection plane.
representation of an object placed with one of its
3.34 orthogonal axonometry: Orthogonal faces parallel to the projection p/ane.
projection on asingle projection plane.
3.46 bird’s eye perspective: One-point
3.35 oblique axonometry: Oblique projection on perspective, seen from above on a horizontal
asingle projection plane. projection plane.
3.36 monomeric projection: Axonometric 3.47 frog’s eye perspective: One-point
representation inwhich allthree scales on allthree prospective, seen from beneath on a horizontal
third coordinate axes are identical. projection plane.
3.37 dimetric projection: Axonometric 3.48 two-point perspective: Perspective
representaiton inwhich thescales oftwo coordinate representation ofan object placed with itsvertical
axes are identical, with a different scale on the faces inclined to and its horizontal faces at right
coordinate axis. angles tothe vertical projection p/ane.
3.38 trimetric projection: Axonometric 3.49 three-point perspective: Perspective
. --“
representation inwhich the scales are clifferent on
representation of an object having all its faces
allthe three coordinate axes.
inclined to the projection p/ane.
NOTE 12 This method is not recommended.
3.50 basic plane: Horizontal plane parallel tothe

3.39 isometric axonometry: orthOgOf?i3/ main projection line on which the v“iewer stands

axonornefry in which any projection line forms [monocular vision).
three equai angles with respect to the coordinate ‘
3.51 basic line: Intersection between the
axes. The projection p/ane intersects the
projection plane and the basic plane.
coordinate axes atequal angles and therefore the
scales on allthree axes are identical (monomeric 3.52 horizon plane: Horizontal plane passing
projection). through the projection centre.
3.40 cavalier axonometry: Oblique axonometry 3.53 horizon line: Intersection between the
inwhich the projection p/ane k parallel to one of horizon p/ane and the vertical projection p/ane. It
the coordinate p/anes. The dimensions of the isthe geometric location ofthe vanishing points of
features of the object lying on the face parallel to all horizontal straight lines.
the projection plane are represented inthe same
scale. Byconvention, the projection along the third 3.54 main point: Intersection between the main
axis is also in the same scale (monomeric projection line and the projection plane. It is the
projection), vanishing point of all the straight lines orthogonal
tothe projection plane (depth lines).
3.41 cabinet axonometry: Ob/ique axonometry
inwhich the projection p/ane is parallel to one of 3.55 main projection line: Horizonta/ projection
the coordinate p/anes. The dimensions of the /ine passing through the projection centre and
features of the object lying on the face parallel to intersecting the vertical projection p/ane at right
the projection plane are represented inthe same angles to the main point.
3
,
IS 8930 (Part 2): 2001
ISO 10209-2:1993
3.56 point view: Projection oftheprojection centre 3.59 circle ofvision: Trace ofthe vision cone on
on the basic plane. the projection plane.
3.57 vision cone: Right circular cone having the 3.60 distance point: Each of the two vanishing
main projection /ine as its axis and the projection points ofall parallel horizontal lines inclined at45
centre as vertex. tothe projection plane.
3.58 vision angle: Angle ofaperture ofthe vision
cone.
Table 1— Summary of recommended representation methods for technical drawings
Locationof position of projection Position of main Resulting representsion Example Reference
projection plane features of object method ,
centre
jterm defined in
Drthegraphic projection ——
UD
First angla 3.25 ISO 5456-2 :-’), 5.1
EIl
Normally parallel/
——
orthogonal to DLl
projection planes
and to coordinate
planes Third angle 3.26 -_, ISO 5456-2:-’), 5.2
Cl
Parallellorfhogonal to coor- — .———.—---------
dinate axes and orthogonal
c /B B
to projection lines
Reference 3.27 ISO 5456-2:-’), 5.3
arrowa
_ .——— -- .—
No mam feature
Topographic
al projection 3.28

Axonometric swoiection a...:
Infinite dEiqnuaatellyaxinecslinaenddtoortthhoegocnoaolr Isometric I 3.39 ~ISO 5456-3:-’), 5.1
(parallel !to projection linea l---+------
projection ! _ , ———..——.——... .—
Ilnes)
1
Equally inclined to two of ~arallel to coo,di- ~Dimetirc ~ 3.37 ISO 5456-3:-1), 5.2
!the cocwdinata axea and lle planes
~orthogonal to projection U
! lines ~r.. ...--.1 __ —-.-
i Differently inclined to the TrimeWc ! 3.38 Not recommended
1-
!coordiante axes and ortho- I
gonal to projection Iinea 1 ..-.——
a!’
Parallel to a vertical Parallel to vertical Cavalier ~ 3.40 I ISO 5456-3-,5.3.1
~coordinate plane and projection plane i -.—
i obhque to projection linea
~
~: Cabinet ! 3.41 ISO 5456-3.-,532
1’ BJ
la
Parallel to the horizontal Parallel to horiz-
coordinate plane and ontal projection
oblique to projection lines Plane ~Planometric \ 3.42 ISO 5456 -3:-) ’,5.3.3
I — v;
—1-..——.— __.-—-._L_-.. --- —--

4
A
IS 8930 (Part 2): 2001
ISO 10209-2:1993
Location of oeition of projection Position of main Resulting representation Example Reference
projection Iana featurea of object method
centre
tarm defined
;entral projection
Face parallal to )ne-point
projection plane )erapective 3.45 ISO 5456-4:-’). 4.1
Finite Edge parallel to rwo-point
(divergent projection plane >erapective 3.48 ISO 5456-4 :-’1, 4.2
prelection
lines)
dormally vertical
Oblique to Three-point 3.49
projection plane prospective ISO 5456-4:-’), 4.3
+
--

5