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इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 334 (2002): Glossary of Terms Relating to Bitumen and Tar [PCD 6: Bitumen Tar and their Products] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” Is 334:2002 fag% a 3?R f W+m Am Im ?Iwld? (dh7?7jpawl) Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO BITUMEN AND TAR ( Third Revision) ICS01 040.75; 75.140 Q BIS 2002 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 August 2002 Price Group 3 r ., / Bitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee, PCD 6 FOREWORD This Indian Standard (Third Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, afler the draft finalized by the Bitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal and Related Products Division Council. This standard was first published in 1953 and subsequently revised in 1965 and 1982. Due to considerable developments in the application of bitumen, tar and their products in the engineering and chemical fields resulting in an increase inthe number of terms used, itbecame necessary to revise the standard to standardize the terminology on amore exact basis so asto avoid ambiguity and confusion. It ishoped that the glossary of terms in this revision would help in fixing amore precise meaning of words which have acquired too general usage. To facilitate ease of reference, the terms have been arranged alphabetically. In the formulation of this standard, due weightage has been given to International co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing inother countries and this has been met by drawing assistance tlom ASTM D 8-1997 ‘Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavemenk’ issued by the American Society for Testing and Materials, USA. The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard isgiven inAnnex A Is 334:2002 Indian Standard GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO BITUMEN AND TAR ( Third Revision) 1SCOPE voidless and impermeable solid or semi-solid mass under normal atmospheric temperature condition. Thisstandard definesthetermsrelatingtotheproducts commercially known asbitumen andtar. Asphalt, Natural or Native — A mixture occurring in nature in which bitumen is associated with ineti 2 DEFINITIONS mineral matter. A Asphalt, Rock — A naturally occurring rock for- mation, usually calcareous, a sandstone in the pores Adhesion — The property by means of which a material inaliquidorsemi-solid formadheresorsticks and veins, ofwhich isfound impregnated. to the surface of a solid body. It is achieved by B molecular attraction of molecules of two different Bitumen — A black or dark brown non-crystalline bodies. solid or viscous material having adhesive properties, Adhesion Active — When bitumen in hot condition derived from petroleum either by natural or refinery is able to coat wet aggregates, it is termed as active processes and substantially soluble in carbon adhesion. disulphide. Adhesion Agent — Asubstance usedforthepurpose Bitumen, Blown—Bitumen, theproperties ofwhich of improving the adhesion orbond between the solid are modified by blowing air through it at a body and the binder used to coat it. comparatively high temperature and pressure. Adhesion Passive — When aggregates coated with Bitumen, Concrete (Asphaltic Concrete) — Awell bitumen are immersed in water and bitumen film is graded mixture of high quality aggregates with retained, it is called passive adhesion. designed proportion of bitumen, hot mixed hot laid Anthracene Oil — The heavy fraction of distillate and rolled into a uniform dense mass with specified oil obtained tlom coal tar (ab o ve 300”C) having a design criteria. specific gravity between 1.05and 1.1at38”C. Bitumen Cutback—Bitumen, theviscosity ofwhich Ash — Inorganic residue remaining after ignition of isreduced with a suitable volative dilueng usually a combustible substances. petroleum distillate. Asphalt — A natural or artificial mixture in which Bitumen Cutback Rapid Curing— Bitumen, which bitumen is associated with inert mineral matter. The isblended with anaphtha type distillate. word’ asphalt’shouldalwaysbequalifiedbyindkation Bitumen Cutback, Medium Curing — Bitumen, of itsorigin or nature. which isblended with akerosene type distillate. Asphaltic Bitumen — A subdivision of the generic Bitumen Cutbackj S1OWCuring— Bitumen, which bitumen, which is manufactured by the oil industry isblendedwithhighboiling oilsorcontaining ahigher from petroleum. viscous oil than inmedium or rapid curing cutback. Asphaltenes — Thehydrocarbon fraction ofbitumen Bitumen Cutback, Digboi Type — A cutback which is soluble in carbon disulphide, but insoluble bitumen made out of bitumen from paratllnic crude in n-heptaneln-pentane, etc. ofAssam. Asphalt, Lake — A solid or semi-solid naturally Bitumen, Digboi Type — Bitumen obtained tlom occurring asphalt existing in well defined surface processing ofparaftlnic crude of Assam. deposits. Bitumen Emulsion — A liquid product in which a Asphalt, Mastic — An intimate mixture of mineral substantial amount ofbitumen isdispersed inafinely fillers, well graded sand andor stone chippings with divided droplets in an aqueous medium containing ahardgrade ofbitumen, cookedandlaidhotmanually an emulsifier and a stabilizer. or mechanically. The mixture settles to a coherent, Is 334:2002 Bitumen Emulsion, Anionic —Anemulsioninwhich improved by addition of polymers, namely, the anion of the emulsifier isatthe interface with the styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), ethyl vinyl acetate bitumen particles, which are negatively charged and (EVA) orpolyethylene (PE). the aqueous phase is alkaline. Bitumen, Semi-Solid — Bitumen having a Bitumen Emulsion, Cationic — An emulsion in penetration of more than 10 at 25°C under a load which the cation of the emulsifier is at the interface of 100gapplied for 5s and apenetration ofnot more with the bitumen particles, which are positively than 350 at25°C under aload of 50g applied for one charged and the aqueous phase is acidic. second. Bitumen Emulsion, Rapid Setting —A quicksetting Bitumen, Solid — Bitumen having a penetration emulsion used for surface treatment, penetration of not more than 10at 25”C, under a load of 100 g macadam and tack coat. applied for 5 s. Bitumen Emulsion, Medium Setting — A medium Bitumen, Steam Refined —Residuefrom distillation I breaking emulsion used for plant or road mixes with ofcrudepetroleum processed furtherwiththeinjection tine aggregates between 5 percent and 20 percent of steamto aspecified viscosity orpenetration. retained on 2.36 mm sieve. Used for open graded Bitumen, Straight Run — Bitumen obtained as the premix work and bituminous macadam. end product or residue from refining of crude Bitumen Emulsion, S1OWSetting —Aslowbreaking petroleum under direct distillation. emulsion used for plant or road mixes with graded Bitumen Primer — A cut-back bitumen product of tine aggregates greater than 20 percent, passes a lowviscosity that penetrates into abase/sub-base and 2.36 mm sieve and a portion of which may pass a stabilizes loose particles upon application. 75 ~m sieve. Used in slurry seal, seal coat, soilhand stabilization, etc. Bituminous — Containing or treated with, bitumen, tar or other shnilar materials. Bitumen, Fluxed — Paving bitumen, viscosity of which isreduced byaddingasubstantiallynon-volatile c diluent. Carbenes — The organic components of bitumen Bitumen, Industrial — Also known as blown or which are soluble in carbon disulphide but insoluble oxidized bitumen used in a variety of industrial in carbon tetrachloride. applications. Carboids —The inorganic matter present inbitumen Bitumen, Lake — see Asphalt, Lake. which are insoluble in carbon disulphide. Bitumen, Liquid — Bitumen havin g apenetration of Carbon, Fixed —Theorganic matter ofresidual coke more than 350 at 25°C under a load of 50 g applied obtained from heating hydrocarbon products in a for one second. covered vessel inthe absence of oxygen. Bitumen, Mastic — see Asphalt, Mastic. Cohesion — It is the molecular attraction of the molecules ofthe sameproduct. In bitumen molecular Bitumen, Macadam — An open graded mixture of attraction isrevealed by ductility test. high quality aggregate with designed proportion of bitumen hot-mixed and hot-laid and rolled Creosote Oil — The oils or a blend of oil fractions into ‘c’ most. obtained from coal tar, when distilled between 200”C and 300°C. Bitumen, Natural or Native — seeAsphalt, Natural or Native. Curing — The process of evaporation of the volatile petroleum oils from bitumen incut-back bitumen. Bitumen, Paving — Solid or semi-solid bitumens of specified penetration used forpaving roads, airfields, D ,,! etc. Dielectric Strength (Electric Strength) —Ameasure Bitumen, Rock — seeAsphalt, Rock. of the electrical insulating properties of bitumen, as the breakdown occurs when a specified voltage is Bitumen Rubberized — A straight run bitumen reached, when an increasing alternating voltage is whose characteristics have been modified by addition applied to a sample under specified conditions. The of crumb or natural rubber. dielectric strength ismeasured inkV/mm anddepends Bitumen Polymer Modified — A straight run upon the conditions of testing. bitumen, the characteristics of which have been IS 334:2002 Ductility — Theproperty bywhich amaterial canbe N drawn in fine thread without breaking. For bitumen, Newtonian Liquid — Itisa liquid in which the rate itismeasured’bythe distance incentimetres towhich of shear is proportional t~ the shearing stress. The itwill elongate before breaking, when two ends of a ratiooftheshearingstresstotherateofshearistermed briquettespecimenofthematerialofthespecifiedform as the viscosity of the licuid. If this ratio is not and cross-section are pulled apart under a specified constant, the liquid istermed as non-Newtonian. speed and temperature. o Dynamic Shear Rheometer — An equipment used to measure the dynamic properties ofbitumen under Oils — The constituent of bitumen obtained after cyclic loading. separation of resins from maltenes. E P Emulsifier/Emulsifying Agent —Anadditive ofthe Penetration —Ameasure ofhardness orconsistency anionic or cationic type to facilitate dispersion oftwo ofthe bitumen. Itisthe vertical distance traversed by immiscible phases in fme droplets of 5 pm to 20 pm astandardneedleenteringthematerial under specified diameter. conditions of load, time and temperature; and is expressed in one-tenths of millirnetre. Emulsion Breaking — The coagulation of the dispersedmaterial inanemulsionwhereby itseparates Penetration Ratio — It is the ratio of penetration from the aqueous part of the emulsion. at4“C,200 g,60s to penetration at25”C, 100g, 5 s. Emulsion, Stability — The property of an emulsion It is a measure of temperature susceptibility of the whereby itresist coagulation to causqbreaking. material. Equiviscous Temperature (EVT) —Thetemperature Phenols — An oily constituent of coal tar, coal tar in degrees centigrade at which time for outflow fractions or hydrogenated coal products, soluble in of 50ml material is50 sasmeasured bythe standard aqueous caustic soda solution. tar viscometer (STV) using 10mm cup. I Pitch, Coal Tar —Theblack ordarkbrown, solid or F semi-solid, fusible and agglomerative residue remaining after partial evaporation or fractional Fire Point — The lowest temperature at which the distillation of coal tar. material gets ignited and burns continuously under specified conditions oftest. Pitch, Mastic — A well graded mixture of mineral matter andcoaltarpitch suitably blended, cooked and Flash Point — The lowest tem perature atwhich the laidhot manually or mechanically by suitable float. vapour ofthe material canbeignit ed momentarily by aflame under specified conditions oftest. R Float Value — A measure of the consistency of Resins — The dark brown sticky constituent of cut-back bitumens andisthetimeins elapsedbetween bitumen separated by absorption on Fuller’s earth, placing a briquette bitumen in water and the water silica gel, etc, from the maltenes. breaking through itunder specified conditions oftest and temperature. The normal testing temperature is Residue of Specified Penetration — It is the percentage bymassofaresidue obtained byheating a 50”C. bituminous material to the required temperature and Flux Oil — A substantially volatile/non-volatile having aspecified penetration value, diluent used for reducing the viscosity ofbituminous Road Oil — A heavy petroleum distillate usually materials. employed forpreparation of slow curing cutbacks. FRASS Breaking Point —Thetemperature atwhich Road Tar — A product obtained by blending pitch, bitumen first becomes brittle as indicated by the anthracene oil and creosote oil in such amanner that appearance of cracks, when athin filmofbitumen on it conforms to a specification which defines its ametal plate iscooled and flexed inaccordance with suitability for road use. specified conditions ofthe test. s L Loss on Heating — The loss in mass of water, oil Setting — A process by which a bitumen emulsion and other constituents of bitumen when heated at a breaks-by neuhalization of charge or evaporation of standardtemperature of 163°Cfor5hunder specified water and thereby reverting to original bitumen. conditions oftest. 3 1 I :, Is 334:2002 i, Softening Point — Thetemperature (in “C)atwhich Tar, Horizontal Retort — Tar obtained as a by-- astandard ball passes through asample ofbitumen in product in the carbonization of coal in a horizontal ! amould and fallsthrough adistance of2.5 cm,when retort. i heated under water orglycerin atspecified conditions Tar, Low Temperature — It is obtained by low oftest. temperature carbonization of inferior quality coal. Specific Gravity — The ratio of the mass of agiven Such tars are generally rich in phenolic components. volume of amaterial to the mass of an equal volume In low temperature, inferior quality coal is heated of water, the temperature of both being specified. to 750”Cto 1Ooo”c. ‘r, ,, Stripping — The displacement of coated bituminous Tar, Refined — Tar obtained by direct distillation of film from the surface of a road stone in presence of coal tar or by fluxing tar pitch with anthracene oil water. and creosote oilto the required consistency. T Tar,Vertical Retort—Tarobtained asabye-product in carbonization of coal in vertical retorts. Tack Coat — Bitumen, road tar or an emulsion sp~yed as a thin film on a surface to achieve the Tar, Wood — Tar obtained from the destructive adhesion with superimposed course, distillation ofwood. Tar —Aviscousmaterialheavingadhesiveproperties, v obtained from the destructive distillation of certain Viscosity—Thepropertyofaliquidbywhich itresists types of organic materials. The word ‘tar’ shall be flow due to internal fkiction and is measured by the preceded bythe name ofthe material from which itis ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear and is obtained, that is, coal, shale, peat, etc. Its mode of calledtheco-eftlcient ofviscosity. production shall also be indicated. Viscosity, Absolute or Dynamic of a Newtonian Tar, Coal (Crude Coai Tar) —Tar produced bythe Liquid — It is the tangential force required to destructive distillation of bituminous coal. maintain a velocity between the two layers unit Tar, Coke Oven — Tar produced asabye-product in distance apart. The CGS unit for viscosity ispoise. acoke oven plant where coal isheated inacoke oven Viscosity, Kinematic — The ratio of the absolute above 1000”C. viscosity tothedensity ofthe liquid. Itisameasure of Tar, Emulsion —Anemulsion inwhich finedroplets the resistance to flow of a liquid under gravity. The .----“ oftararesuspended inwaterwithasuitableemulsifier. S1unit ofkinematic viscosity ism2/sfor practical use asubmultiple of(mm*/s)ismore convenient. The unit Tar, Gas House — Tarproduced in retorts during centistroke is 1mm2/sand isused customary. production of illuminating gas ftom coal. t w Tar, High Temperature —Thetarobtainedasaby-- product inhigh temperature carbonintion ofcoal. In Water Content —Thequantity ofwater present ina high temperature carbonization, coal is heated material and expressed as apercent by weight of the above 1OOO°C. material. 4 t,, + IS 334:2002 ANNEX A (Foreword) COMMITTEE COMPOSITION Bitumen, Tar and Their Products Sectional Committee, PCD 6 Organization Representative(s) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi PROFP.K.SoaMR(ChuJrn&zn) SruuSutaLBOSE(Alternate I) DRP.K.JAM(Alternate 11) Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Mumbai SmuJ.A.JANAI DRNOBUGEORGS(Alternate) Budding Materials andTechnology Promotion Council, New Delhi SssruR K.Cl?UY SmuB.ANUKUMAR(Ahvnate) Central Public Works Deparbnen~ New Delhi sumammmwEtwmmR TNEExscwnvz Erwmwm(Alfernute) Central Fuel Resemch Institute, Dhanbad DRSHRMATIAB.NATrAWYA SriruU.BNATTAmYA (Alrernufe) Cochin Refineries Limited, Cochin Smuv.PArLY SmuR.VStWJOOPA(ALlternate) DrUppal’s Testing andAnalytical Laboratory, Ghaziabad SmuRS.SNLKLA Durgapur Projects Limited, Durgapur DRH.S.SARKAR Directorate General ofSupplies andDisposrds, New Delhi Dkectorate General ofBorder Roads, New Delhi sHisU.s.PORWAL SmuA.K.GUPTA(Alternate) Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army HeadQuarters, New Delhi COLV.K.P.SrNGH LT-COL R.S.BHANWAL(AAlternate) Highway Resemch Station, Chemai - -OR (Alternate) HindustrrrrPetroleum Corporation Limited, Mumbai SIUUS.K.BHATNAGAR SmuA.S.psw~(~bnute) SSUUPI.wFNmAN Hhrdustan Colas Limited, Mumbai SmrH.PADMANALU(SAfAteNrrrure) Indian Institute ofPetroleum, Dehmdun .%R1u.c. GUPTA SmuMOHDANWAR(Akrnde) Indian 0]1Corporation Limited (Marketing Division), Mumbai SmuR.S.SrWDIA SSDUPREMKuMAR(A/temute) Indian 011Corporation Limited [(R&D ) Centre], Faridabad SW B.R ‘fVAGI SmuM.P.KAU (Altemafe) Indian 011Corporation (R&P), New Delhi SmuU.K.BASU SmuS.K.PRASA(OAJtemafe) Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi SmuK.B.RAJORL4 SNRSA.V.SrNFM(Altemafe) Lloyd Insulations (India)Limited, New Delhi SmuMonrrKnANNA SNRSK.K.MrTM(A@nu/e) Ministry ofSurface Transport (Department ofSurface Transport), New Delhi SHSUC:C.BHATIMWRYA WattS.P.SrNar(Abwde) Ministry ofDefence (DGQA), New Delhi SmuK.H.GANDra SmuA.K.SrNHA(Aftemute) Madras Refinery Limited, Chennai SMUM.S.SHAYAMSUNDSX SmuB.S.aMM(Afternute) National Test House, Kolkata StDUA.K.@MUMBORN SHRIS.K.AGARwAL(A&nate) National Building Organization, New Delhi SmrrA.K.LAL SmuA.G.EMONGAD(SAlternate) Public Works Department Government ofWestBengal, Kolkata SNSUAMITAVACW4~ SmulL+BSNDRANATNBA(SAUl&mUtS) Public Works Department, Mumbai SmuBoRaV. B. Public Works DepmtrnenG UttarPradesh SHRIV.P.BANSAL LhtG.P.S.CHAUNAN(Alternate) (Continued onpage 6)