IS 15087: Planning and Design of Drainage in Irrigation Projects - Guidelines

10 Pages·2001·1.2 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

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IS 15087 (2001): Planning and Design of Drainage in
Irrigation Projects - Guidelines [WRD 6: Water Resources
Planning, Management and Evaluation]
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IS 15087:2001

#r**
Indian Standard
PLA~ING AND DESIGN OF DRAINAGE IN
IRRIGATION PROJECTS — GUIDELINES
ICS 93.160

0 BIS 2001
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

December 2001 Price Group 2
Water Resources Planning, Management and Evaluation Sectional Committee, WRD 6
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Water
Resources Planning, Management and Evaluation Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water
Resources Division Council.
There is no 1S0 standard on the subject. This standard has been prepared based on the practices prevalent in
the field in India.
The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.
For the purpose of deciding whether aparticul~ requirement of this standard is complied witli, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, kbould be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2:1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’. The number of significant places retained
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
IS 15087:2001
Indian Standard
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF DRAINAGE IN
IIUUGATION PROJECTS — GUIDELINES
1 SCOPE about 1mcanbe seen causing no rise ofmoisture at
the surface and not permitting sufficient growth of
This standard lays down the guidelines for planning
crops.
and design of drainage system in irrigation projects
including theguidelines for dealing withtheproblem 5 FACTORS LEADING TO RISE IN SUB-SOIL
ofdrainageinthecommandareasofirrigationprojects. WATER TABLE
2 SOIL MOISTURE AND PLANT GROWTH a) Seepage from water bodies;
2.1 The particular moisture content of asoil which b) Over-irrigation;
isbestforplantgrowthistheoptimummoisturecontent.
c) Excessive rainfall;
Itvariesforsoilsofdifferenttextureandtosomeextent
on different types of crops. The plant roots extract d) Inadequate natural drainage;
water fromthethin filmsurrounding thesoilparticles.
e) Obstruction to drainage;
The amount ofwater adhering tothe particles infine
grained soil is greater than in a coarse grained soil f) Poor subsoil condition;
onaccount ofgreater surfaceareaofthefineparticles.
@ Adverse gee-hydrologic regime ( say,
The optimum moisture content corresponds closer to
existence of hard pan at shallow depth,
the amount which renders the soilmost tliable andin
etc ); and
the best condition for cultivation. When moisture
exceeds this optimum limit, the pore space becomes h) Leakage and spillage from canals and field
partly filledwithmoisture, aeration becomesdeficient channels.
andtheconditions are lessfavorable forcultivation
6 SALINITY
andplant growth. This results inwhat iscommonly
known aswater-logging. 6.1 When ground water table rises, water inthe sub
soil rises to the surface by capillary action. When
2.2 In water-logged soils the air content of the soil
waterreachesthesurfaceitevaporates duetotheaction
. islowbecause most pores are filled with water. The
ofwindandtemperature leaving behind thedissolved
exchange between the remaining air in the soil and
saltsonornearthesurface. Thisphenomenon isknown
air inthe atmosphere above gets r estricted by these
assalt-efflorescence and leads to formation of saline
conditions. In consequence, plant respiration is
lands.
restricted byoxygen deficiency whileatthesametime
carbondioxideaccumulatestotoxiclevels.Thisimpairs 6.2 The real trouble isnot due to salt-eftlorescence
root growth andthe roots ability to absorb nutrients. because this can be washed out of soil by flooding
The water-logging also indirectly affects the plant following drainage, but duetothe effect ofalkalinity
growth by its adverse effects on soil biological life onheavysoil. Alkalieshavedispersingordefloculating
and on the structure ofthe soil. The excess water in action on clay causing the soil to lose its tilth and
thesoilalso adversely affects thesoilworkability and become impervious and highly retentive. The
the farm operations are impaired. circulation ofairiscompletely stopped withtheresult
nothing isable togrow inthe soil. Areas ofthis type
3 ZONES OF ROOT GROWTH
are devoid of vegetation.
A zone of soil sufficient for the growth of roots of
6.3 The salinity of a soil is measured by electrical
deep rooted crops is essential. Usually a depth of
conductivity ( EC ) of the soil samples in water
about 1to 1.5m of unsaturated soil is sufficient for
suspension 1:2. Soils with EC value Oto 1mmhos/
expansion andgrowth oftheroot systemofthecrops.
cmaretermedasnonsaline,thosewithvaluesbe~een
4 CAPILLARY ACTION 1to3mmhos/cmaretermed asslightlysalineandsoils
with ECvalues greater than 3mmhos/cm are termed
Infinegrained andwellcompacted soilsthecapilhuy
as saline soils. There are some salt resistant crops
action isgreatest. Infinegrained soilswater rises to
likericewhichcanbegrownuptoECvalueof4 mmhosl
the extent of 1.2to 1.5mbycapillary actionbringing
cm.
the salts to the surface. Onthe other hand incoarse
grained soils even free ground water to a depth of 6.4 The alkaline deposits changes the pH value of

1
IS 15087:2001
thesoil.ThepH value of7.0to8.5givesnormalyield. 7.3.1.4 Acarrier drain isadrain which collects water
When the value is between 8.5 to 9.0, the yield from seepage/tield drains and carries it to the main
decreases. WhenpHrises above ll.O, thesoil islikely drain.
tobecome infertile.
7.3.1.5 Maindrain oroutfall drain isnormally adrain
7 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS constructed alongnaturaldrainagepathbyremodeling
theexistingdrainagepath. Thecarriersdrainsnormally
7.1 Necessity of Drainage
outfall inthe main drain. Sometimes, seepage/fields
Suitable drainage of agricultural land isanecessity drains also directly outfall inthe main drains.
for high level agricultural production. Drainage
7.3.2 Sub-Surface Drains
maintains theproductive capacity ofsoilbyremoving
excess water, improving the soilstructure, improving Sub-surface drainage is useful for laying drainage
the air circulation and reducing salt content and systemquicklyandwheredeeperoutfallsareavailable.
erosion. Whenlargeareasarebroughtunderirrigation This also savesthe land for cultivation. No culverts/
atleast a part of the land warrants proper drainage. crossing arerequired insub-surface drainage system.
Irrigation anddrainage are complimentary practices.
7.4 Design Criteria of Surface Drain
7.2 Types of Drains
7.4.1 The designed capacity ofthe surface drain will
7.2.1 Ground water drainage isbased ontheprinciple depend on the following:
that controlling the ground water level can provide
a) Area to be drained,
the best unsaturated conditions for the plant growth.
Theidealsituation istocontrolthewaterwithincertain b) Pattern ofrainfall,
limits,whichmeansenabling thewaterinthesaturated
c) Soil characteristics,
zonetomovefromthesoilbodytosomeoutfall where
the natural lateral movement ofground water exists.
d) Crops grown, and
Thisshouldbepermittedbyartificialgravitionalmeans.
Wherethe ground water islocked inthearea itmeans e) Natural ground slope.
taking the water out against gravity.
7.4.2 The area to be drained successively increases
7.2.2 Horizontal and Vertical Drainage forafield drain,carrier drain andmaindrain. Surface
drains aredesigned forremoval ofexcess rainfall ina
There are two types of ground water drainage.
predetermined period. Usuallythebasisisthemaximum
Horizontal through pipes oropen ditches andvertical
rainfall occurring in24hours once infiveyears. The
by lifting or pumping from wells. The horizontal
surface run-off depends on the infiltration
drainage system usually consists of pipes or open
characteristics, natural ground slope and vegetative
ditch system.
cover of the soil. The run-off coefficient will vary
.

In some cases particularly in flat ter areas, vertical with the different soils. The excess rainfall can not

drainagemaybeabetterapproach. Thewaterreceived be disposed off immediately, a period of 3 days is
fromvertical drainage maybesuitably mixed incanal generally allowed for paddy, sugarcane, banana, etc,
water provided it is of suitable quality or may be and 1to 1.5daysforother food crops and vegetables.
disposed off by surfacelsub-sur face drainage. The surface drains designed for disposal of run-off
from rainfall are generally adequate for disposal of
7,3 Types of Drainage System
excess irrigation water.
There are two main types of drainage systems.
7.4.3 The indicative designed capacities are asgiven
a) Surface drains; and inTable 1in Litres/Second/Hectare.
b) Sub-surface drains. 7.5 Design Criteria Sub-surface Drain
7.3.1 Surface Drains 7.5.1 Drainage Coefficient
7.3.1.1 Surfacedrainageistheorderlyremovalofexcess Based on the experience in the Deccan Canals the
water from land surface through constructed or expected drainage discharge in the drains is of the
improved natural channels and supplemented by order of30litres per second for a 100hectare block.
grading of land surfaces. Thedesigned discharge isusually taken 1.5times this
dischargeallowingforexcessdrainagefactorforsafety.
7.3.1.2 Seepage drains areprovided along the canals
Theexpected drainage discharge isafimction oftype
to intercept seepage water.
of soil, the crops grown, topography, method of
7.3.1.3 Afield drain isagraded channel that collects applicationofirrigationwaterandmayvaryfromplace
excess water from afield oraholding. toplace.
2
IS 15087:2001
Tablel Indicative Designed Capacities
(Clause 7.4.3)
sl Zone Design Rainfall Soils Run-Off Design Availaabk Design Design
No. in 24 h Coefficient Runoff Time Runoff Capcity
mm mm days mm/days I/s/ha
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
i) Heavy rainfall 250 Paddy fields and 0.5 125 3 42 5
clayey soils
ii) Heavy rainfall 250 Mummy soils 0.25 62 1.5 42 5
iii) Other areas 100 Clayey soils 0.5 50 1.5 33 4
iv) Other areas 100 Murumy soils 0.25 25 1.5 16 2
7.5.2 Gradient of the Drain taking preventive measures to seethat the land does
not getdamaged andresort toartificial drainage only
Thebed slope ofthe drain should allow anon-silting
whenitbecomesnecessary. Inthepreventive measures
velocity and the gradient should as far as possible
the most effective method will be application of
beuniform. Depending onthetopography and other
controlled irrigation water sothat noexcessive water
conditions,gradientmayvarybetween 1:150to 1:1000.
accumulates within the root zone.
f
7.5.3 Spacing of Drains
10 MAINTENANCE
The spacing of the drain isgiven by equation given
Proper maintenance of the drainage system is very
below:
essential for successful drainage. If drains are not
I
properly maintained lands will not be adequately
8KhD
~= drainedandwillresultindarnagesduetowater-logging
L2 andsalinity,Themainitemsofmaintenance areremoval
where ofsilt, removal ofvegetative growth, repairs of side
slopes and maintenance of road bank and other
drainage discharge or coefficient
,’., structures.
(recharge) (m/day ),
11 MONITORING OF IRRIGATED AREAS
hydraulic conductivity of the soil

(m/day), Toidenti~ theproblem ofwater-logging well intime,

it is necessary to monitor the ground water table
height ofwater table midway between the
conditions. For this purpose observations ofground
drains (m),
watertable using existing wells inthe command area
equivalent depth to impermeable aswell asbymaking auger holes where necessary is
substratum (m ) accounting for radial essential. Thegroundwatertable shouldbemonitored
flow and any depth of the impermeable twice inayear that isbefore and atler monsoon. The
layer, and qualityofwateraswellassoilshouldalsoberegularly
tested forECvalue to ascertain the salinity problem.
spacing between the drains (m).
Where the tendency ofground water isto rise above
Knowing the values of K, D, hand q, the spacing of the root zone, preventive measures by controlled
drains can be computed fkomabove equation. irrigation aswellaseffective drainage schem~sshould
immediately betaken.
8 PILOT DRAINAGE PROJECTS
Before the drainage system inthe affected command Whileexecutingthedistribution network forirrigation
project,itwouldbebettertoreshapetheexistingnatural
area is constructed, it is advisable to take up a few
drains in such away that the command area iswell
pilot projects. As per the experience gained, the
drainage system in full affected conunand area may drained and remains free from water-logging.
be constructed. Subsequently atler the irrigation application and
monitoring the area ifdamages arenoticed, drainage
9 PREVENTIVE MEASURES
schemesintheformoflateralsjoining thenaturaldrains
Drainage problems can best be tackled mainly by may be constructed to reclaim the area.

3
IS 15087:2001
ANNEX A
( F’oreword )
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Water Resources Planning, Management and Evaluation Sectional Committee, WRD 6
Organization Representative(s)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi SHRIR. S. PRASAD
MEMBER(WP&P )(Chairman )
Bhakra Beas Management Board, Chandigarh DIRECTOR(DESIGN)
DEPUTYSECRETAR(YPlanning) (Alternate )
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi SHRIC.V.J.VERMA
Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi SHRIP.K. KUMAR
SHRIS. D. DUBEYA(Alternate )
Central Water Commission, New Delhi CHIEFENGINEER(PAO)
DIRECTORPA(North ) (Alternate )
Geological Survey of India, Lucknow DRA. K. SINHA
Irrigation Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, CHIEFENGINEER( Major Irrigation ) “
Hyderabad SUPERINTENDINEGNGINEER( World Bank )
(Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Haryana, Chandigarh CHIEFENGINEER(R&D)
SUPERINTENDINEGNGINEER( CDO )
(Alternate)
,,,.
Irrigation Department, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore DIRECTOR
1 Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh CHIEFENGINEER
DIRECTOR(Plant Designs )(Alternate )
Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra, Nagpur SHRIN. D. VADNERE
r SUPERINTENDINGENGINEER& DEPUTY
SECRETAR(Y1.M. )(Alternate )
‘1
Irrigation Department, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur CHIEFENGINEER
DIRECTOR(Design Research) (Alternate )
Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow CHIEFENGINEER(Yamuna Valley )

Surmrurvmwmw ENGINEER( Irrigation

Construction Circle )(Alternate )
Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi DRS. MAUDGAL
DR(SHRIMAT)INALINIBHAT(Alternate )
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd, Faridabad SHRIR. N. KHAZANCHI
SHRIMATOI. R. LALITA(Alternate )
Planning Commission, New Delhi Jouw ADVISER(I&CAD )
DEPUTYADVISER(I&CAD) (Alternate )
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF
Jonrr CHIEFENGINEER(Alternate )
Water Resources Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh, CHIEFENGINEER(BODHI )
Bhopal DIRECTOR(RATES&COST)(Alternate )
Water Technology Centre (IARI ), New Delhi DRA. K. SINGH
DRA. SINGH(Alternate )
University of Roorkee, Roorkee PROFU.C. CHAUBE
DRNAYANSHARMA(Alternate )
BIS Directorate General SHRIS.S. SETHI,Director& Head (WRD )
[Representing Director General (Ex-oficio ) ]
Member-Secretary
SHRIR. S. JUNEJA
Joint Director (WRD ), BIS

4
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