IS 13565: Method for spectrometric determination of nitrite

12 Pages·1992·1.3 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 13565 (1992): Method for spectrometric determination of
nitrite [CHD 1: Inorganic Chemicals]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee””
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै”
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“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

:*
4‘
IS 13565: 1992 5
w7as m-T%

Indian Standard
METHOD FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
DETERMINATION OF NITRITE
UDC 543.42 [ 546.173 ]

Q BIS 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAPAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
November 1992 Price Group 3
lacimehC Standards lanoitceS ,eettimmoC DHC 001
FOREWORD
sihT naidnI dradnatS was detpoda yb eht uaeruB fo naidnI Standards, retfa eht tfard dezilanif
yb eht lacimehC Standards lanoitceS eettimmoC had neeb devorppa yb eht lacimehC noisiviD
.licnuoC
tsoM fo eht sdohtem fo gninimreted setirtin era desab no eht sisehtnys fo seydoza htiw -icitrap
noitap fo .setirtin setirtiN tcaer htiw yramirp citamora senima ot mrof muinozaid salts. ehT
salt is neht delpuoc htiw an citamora dnuopmoc gniniatnoc enima ro lonehp .spuorg ehT
eydoza demrof ni this ssecorp is denimreted .yllacirtemotohp sihT noitcaer is cificeps and
.evitisnes
noitasitozaiD dluohs eb detcudnoc ni gnorts dica .noitulos ehT noitulos dluohs eb yrev .looc
gnilpuoC dluohs eb detpmetta ylno retfa noitasitozaid is etelpmoc and osla eht ytidica dluohs
eb yrev .wol ehT reporp tnemtsujda fo Hp rof gnilpuoc nac eb deveihca yb esu fo a reffub hcus
as muidos .etateca ,stnadixO stnatcuder and deruoloc secnatsbus as ,hcus erefretni htiw eht
.noitanimreted eerF enirolhc and negortin edirolhcirt .erefretni ehT gniwollof snoi osla
erefretni yb gnivig setatipicerp and must eb ;tnesba cirref ,suorucrem revlis bismuth, ynomitna
,)III( ,dael dlog ,)III( orolhc etanitalp and .etadanavatem reppoC yam esuac wol .stluser nI
eht noitaraperp fo this standard, elbaredisnoc assistance has neeb devired morf Annual kooB fo
MTSA Standards D 656-6711 hcihw is yllufknaht .degdelwonkca
nI gnitroher eht stluser fo a tset ro sisylana edam ni ecnadrocca htiw this standard, fi eht lanif
,eulav devresbo ro ,detaluclac is ot eb dednuor ,ffo ti shall eb enod ni ecnadrocca htiw
SI 2 : 1960 seluR‘ rof gnidnuor ffo laciremun seulav ( desiver .‘)
‘b
IS 13565 : 1992
Indian Standard
METHOD FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC
DETERMINATION OF NITRITE
1 EPOCS
4.1.2 Procedure
sihT standard sebircserp gniwollof eerht fI eht elpmas is raelc and ,sselruoloc a nwonk
sdohtem rof eht noitanimreted fo :etirtin ytitnauq yam eb desu yltcerid rof .noitamitse
fI eht elpmas sniatnoc dednepsus sdilos ro
,ruoloc add 2 lm fo muinimula edixordyh
)a cirtemotohportceps dohtem using sul-
noisnepsus ot 100 Im fo eht .eipmas etuliD ot
cilinahp dica and ;enimalyhthpan-I
200 ,lm ,rits wolla ot stand rof a wef setunim
)b U V yrtemotohportceps using cilinahplus and .retlif dracsiD eht tsrif wef ertilillim fo
,dica and .etartlif enimreteD setirtin ni a elbatius emulov
fo .touqila
)c U V laitnereffid yrtemotohportceps using
cimahplus .dica 4.2 Blood
2 ECNEREFER 4.2.1 Reagents
4.2.1.1 Zinc sulphate heptahydrate solution -
SI 1070 ; 1992 tnegaeR edarg retaw - -icepS .tnecrep
4.5
noitacif ( is eht yrassecen tcnujda
third revision )
ot this standard. 4.2.1.2 Sodium hydroxide solution - 4 .tnecrep
4.2.1.3
Sodium Jluoride
3 YTILAUQ FO STNEGAER
4.2.2 Procedure
Unless deificeps ,esiwrehto erup slacimehc and
Add yltcaxe 8 lm fo ylhserf drawn doolb ot 20
dellitsid retaw ( ees SI 1070 : 1992 ) shall eb lm fo a noitulos gniniatnoc 4.5 tnecrep fo cniz
desu ni .tset
etahplus .etardyhatpeh ehT ecneserp fo muidos
ediroulf as an tnalugaocitna is .lairetammi
NOTE - eruPC *slacimehc llahs naem slacimehc taht
od ton niatnoc seitirupmi hcihw tceffa eht tluser tpmorP noitidda is yrassecen ot tneverp ssol fo
fo .sisylana .etirtin retfA gnixim eht noitulos wolla ti ot
stand rof 24 sruoh tuohtiw .ssol Add 4 lm fo
4 NOITARAPERP FO ELPMAS SNOITULOS 4 tnecrep muidos edixordyh noitulos htiw

hguoroht gnixim and .egufirtnec enimreteD

4.1 Water, Sewage Water, Boi ler Water and .etirtin
Effluents
4.3 Antifreeze and Anti-rusts
4.1.1 Reagent 4.3.1 Transfer’ of Sample from Original Container
4.1.1.1 Aluminium hydroxide suspension fI eht elpmas was dekcap ui a tnerapsnart
raelc glass elttob ro guj htiw a yrotcafsitas
evlossiD 125 g fo muissatop muinimtha sul-
thgitria and elbaecalper revoc ro dil ti lliw
etahp [ ,K Al, ( 4OS .4) O,H2 ] ro muinomma
ton eb yllausu yrassecen ot brutsid eht -etam
muinimula etahplus [ ( 4HN 1) Al, ( ,OS *) . 24 ,lair litnu yllautca deriuqer rof .esu selpmaS
]O,H ni 1 ertil fo dellitsid .retaw Warm eht deviecer ni latem ro euqapo glass sreniatnoc
noitulos ot 60°C and ylwols add 55 lm fo
dluohs eb yletelpmoc derrefsnart otni a -snart
detartnecnoc muinomma edixordyh noitulos
tnerap glass reniatnoc dellif htiw an thgitria
htiw .gnirrits wollA eht etatipicerp ot elttes
elbaecalper .erusolc
rof 1 ,ruoh neh.t refsnart eht erutxim ot a egral
.elttob Wash eht etatipicerp yb detaeper ,erofeB gnirrefsnart wolla eht elpmas as
,noitidda noitatiga and noitatnaced dellitsid deviecer ni eht lanigiro reniatnoc ot emoc
of
retaw litnu eht esnir retaw sniamer eerf morf ot moor .erutarepmet ekahS eht reniatnoc
,ainomma ,edirolhc etirtin and .etartin erotS erofeb gninepo ni redro ot xim yna detarapes
eht noisnepsus ni a xeryP reniatnoc and ekahs lairetam hcihw yam evah detalumucca no eht
llew erofeb .esu pot gnirud egarots ro shipping.
Is 13565 : 1992
In eht esac fo euqapo glass ,sreniatnoc evomer 4.4.1.2 Amberfite IRA 400 ( CI form )
eht pac ro dil os that a rerrits yam eb .detresni
In eht esac fo latem sreniatnoc gnivah a -omer 4.4.2 Procedure
elbav pac ro dil nepo yb gnivomer eht pac ro dil
and fi on elbavomer erusolc is dedivorp nepo refsnarT an yletarucca dehgiew elpmas ( tuoba
eht reniatnoc yb gnihcnup owt seloh no -oppo 0.75 g ) otni a lm-052 rekaeb and evlossid nI
etis sides fo eht pot fo eht reniatnoc and 100 lm fo dellitsid retaw at 40°C. etirtiN
is
egralne eno fo eseht sgninepo htiw latem ylbareferp detarapes yb an noi egnahcxe niser
shears ot edivorp moor rof gnirrits and and gmtule htiw 2 N muidos .edirolhc ehT
.lavomer etaule is detulid ot a nwonk .emulov esU an
touqila ( 25 lm ) rof etirtin .noitanimreted
xiM eht elpmas ylhguoroht rof 5 setunim ot
erusne suoenegomoh erutxim htiw a gnirrits 4.5 noitarapeS of Nitrite by Ion Exchange
ecived elbapac fo agitating eht lairetam -hcus Method
yltneic ot suspend all detarapes sdilos and ot
esrepsid yna tnatanrepus phases, diuqil ro dilos ezinoieD all retaw desu ni eht noitaraperp fo
tuohtiw gniward ria otni eht .erutxim ehT snoitulos and nmuloc washings, yb passing
gnirrits ecived dluohs eb efas ot esu htiw ti hguorht a 160 mm x 10 mm nmuloc fo
elbammalfni liquids, hcus as .lonahtem ( A etilrebma IRA 400 ( Cl mrof .) ylppA eht
sparkless, brushless epyt noitcudni rotom ro noitulos ot a nmuloc ralimis ot that desu rof
an ria nevird rotom fo tneiciffus yticapac era retaw noitaraperp and wash eht nmuloc htiw
detseggus .) rerritS dluohs eb fo hcus a ngised 100 lm fo mraw .retaw etulE eht etirtin htiw
as ot tif otni eht tsellams reniatnoc .gninepo 2N muidos edirolhc noitulos and tcelloc 75 lm
fo .etaule
At eht dne fo 5 setunim fo gnirrits ,doirep
evomer eht rerrits and yletaidemmi ruop eht 5 STNEGAER
elpmas otni a naelc yrd ycnerapsnart glass
reniatnoc hcihw has an thgitria elbaecalper
5.1 Nitrite Free Water
dil ro revoc and wolla ot niard .ylhguoroht
erehT dluohs eb tneiciffus yticapac ot wolla
eraperP etirtin eerf retaw yb rehtie fo eht
rof lamreht noisnapxe fo eht diuqil gnirud
gniwollof :sdohtem
.egarots nI esac fo sreniatnoc regral than 5
sertil eht eritne tnetnoc deen ton eb -snart a>
Add eno latsyrc hcae fo muissatop -rep
derref ot eht egarots .lessev ,revewoH -itrap
etanagnam and muirab edixordyh ot 1
raluc erac dluohs eb nekat ot erusne refsnart
ertil fo dellitsid retaw and litsider ni
fo evitatneserper .elpmas
a xeryP glass apparatus. dracsiD eht
laitini 50 lm fo .etallitsid tcelloC eht
4.3.2 Preparation of Aqueous Solution noitcarf fo eht etallitsid hcihw is eerf fo

.etanagnamrep tseT rof etanagnamrep
enimreteD ot eht tseraen 0.001 ,lm/g eht
htiw enidilot-0 ro yna rehto evitisnes
ytisned fo eht elpmas at 20°C. etaluclaC eht
.stnegaer
mass fo eht elpmas deriuqer ot evig eht emulov
at %02 yrassecen rof eht noitulos ot eb -erp )b Add 1 lm fo detartnecnoc ciruhplus ,dica
.derap hgieW eht deriuqer tnuoma fo 2-O lm fo 48 tnecrep esenagnam etahplus
elpmas ni a naelc yrd rekaeb ( ro gnihgiew etardyhartet noitulos ot 1 ertil fo dis-
elttob ) at moor erutarepmet and refsnart otni dellit .retaw Add 1.3 lm fo 0.04 tnecrep
a naelc yrd cirtemulov ksalf deppiuqe htiw muissatop etanagnamrep noiiluos ni
dnuorg glass .reppots esniR eht rekaeb ( ro redro ot trapmi a tnenamrep knip .ruoloc
gnihgiew elttob ) lareves semit hriw dellitsid esiruoloceD ylluferac htiw 0.09 tnecrep
retaw erofeb gnirrefsnart eht washings ot eht muinomma etalaxo etardyhonom -ulos
cirtemulov .ksalf ekaM up ot eht kram and noit retfa gnipeek ti r0f 15 .setunim
.xim esU an touqila rof etirtin .noitanimreted
5.2 Sulphanilic Acid Reagent
4.4 nitaleG
evlossiD 0.60 g fo cilinahplus dica ( osla dellac
4.4.1 Reagents 4 onima enezneb cinohplus dica ) ni 70 lm fo
toh dellitsid .retaw looC eht noitulos and
4.4.1.1 Sodium chloride - 2 N.
add 2 lm fo detartnecnoc cirolhcordyh ,dica
eraperP yb gnivlossid 29.25 g fo muidos -olhc etulid ot 100 lm htiw dellitsid retaw and xim
edir ni 250 lm fo etirtin eerf .retaw .ylhguoroht
2
IS 13565 : 1992
5.3 1-N-Naphthylamine Hydrochloride lN - ytilamron fo eht muissatop -rep
etanagnam ;noitulos
Add 1 lm fo detartnecnoc cirolhcordyh ,dica vo = emulov ni lm fo muidos etalaxo
etulid ot 100 lm htiw dellitsid retaw and xim
noitulos dedda ( 50 lm ;)
.ylhguoroht fI yrassecen retlif erofeb using.
ytilamron fo eht muidos etalaxo -ulos
Ns =
NOTE- ehT( tnegaer sruolocsid dna yam -erp ;noit and
etatipic no gnidnats rof eno keew ni mraw -dnuorrus
.sgni dracsiD nehw eht noitaruolocsid stceffa eht v= emulov ni lm fo etirtin kcots noitulos
ytivitisnes ro ytilibicudorper fo eht .tset ehT efil dedda ni lm ( 50 lm .)
fo eht tnegaer si rof a htnom ro erom .) fI -secen
yras retlif erofeb .gnisu ekaM etairporppa snoitulid morf eht kcots
noitulos ot evig noitartnecnoc 1 lm - 4 pg.
5.4 Sodium Acetate Bulfer - 2 M.
6 SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
evlossiD 16.4 g fo suordyhna muidos etateca ni
USING SULPHANILIC ACID AND
dellitsid retaw and etulid ot 100 .lm retliF fi
NAPHTHYLAMJNE
.yrassecen
6.1 Principle
5.5 Hydrochloric Acid - 20 tnecrep ( v/m .)
nI an cidica ,noitulos etirtin stcaer htiw
5.6 Sulphamic acid cilinahplus dica ot mrof a muinozaid salt hcihw
no gnilpuoc htiw enimalyhthpan sevig a -rahc
evlossiD 2.00 g fo cimahplus dica ni dellitsid
citsiretca ruoloc hcihw is derusaem at 520 mn
retaw and ekam up eht emulov ot 100 .lm against a tnegaer blank. etirtiN yam eb -reted
denim nwod ot 0.03 lm/gp negortin-etirtin
5.7 Standard Sodium Nitrite .noitartnecnoc
eraperP a etirtin kcots noitulos yb gnivlossid 6.2 Calibration
1.232 g fo muidos etirtin ni etirtin eerf retaw
and etulid ot 1 .ertil Add 1 lm fo mroforolhc refsnarT 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 lm fo standard etirtin
as .evitavreserp enO lm fo this noitulos is -iuqe noitulos ot evif etarapes 50 lm cirtemulov
tnelav ot tuoba 250 pg fo .negortin -dradnatS sksalf and etulid ot 40 .lm Add 1 lm fo sul-
ezi eht etirtin kcots noitulos as nevig .woleb cilinahp dica tnegaer and xim .ylhguoroht
ehT Hp dluohs eb tuoba .4-l retfA gnipeek ti
ettepiP 50 lm fo 0.05 N muissatop -agnamrep rof 3 ot 10 ,setunim add 1 lm fo -alyhthpaN-1
etan noitulos otni a glass dereppcts ksalf and enim edirolhcordyh tnegaer and 1 lm fo muidos
add 5 lm fo detartnecnoc ciruhplus .dica etateca reffub noitulos and .xim ehT Hp
ettepiP otni this noitulos yb gnigrembus eht dluohs won eb 2 .5.2-ot etuliD ot emulov dna
pit fo eht ettepip 50 lm fo eht etirtin kcots .xim wollA ot dnats rof 10 ot 30 setunim and
.noitulos ekahS eht dereppots ksalf and taeh erusaem ecnabrosba at 520 mn against a -aer
ot 70°C ot 90°C. egrahcsiD eht etanagnamrep tneg blank. tolP noitarbilac evruc ni smret
ruoloc yb adding 50 lm fo 0.05 N muidos -axo fo noitartnecnoc ni smargorcim rep ertilillim
etal noitulos deraperp yb gnivlossid 3.350 g fo against .ecnabrosba
eht muidos etaIaxo salt ni 1 ertil fo .retaw
etartiT eht ssecxe muidos etalaxo htiw 50-O N 6.3 Procedure
muissatop etanagnamrep noitulos ot tniaf knip
refsnarT an touqila fo elpmas noitulos -tuen
.ruoloc yrraC tuo eht blank noitanimreted
desilar ot Hp 7 otni a 50 lm cirtemulov ksalf
using etirtin eerf retaw daetsni fo 50 lm kcots
and deecorp as ni 6.2. daeR eht noitartnecnoc
.noitulos
morf eht detarbilac .hparg
vtilamroN fo etirtin
. 6.4 Calculation
kcots noitulos - -,N,V ,N*V
A
V ,etirtiN l/gm =-
OR B
erehw
etirtiN ,negortin lm/gp ,N,v;1Nlv= 3007x
A = mass ni pg fo etirtin ( as negortin ro
erehw ,etirtin as dekrow tuo ) dnuof ni eht
touqila fo ,elpmas and
,v = latot emulov ni lm fo muissatop -rep
etanagnam noitulos desu ( dedda + emulov ni lm fo eht touqila fo elpmas
B =
noitartit ) detcerroc rof blank ni ;lm .detneserper
3
IS 13565:1992
OR ( II ,) ;muissatop ,muidos ,muitnorts muiroht
and cniz evah on .ecnerefretni
,etirtiN l/gm = $--
7.3 Calibration
erehw
refsnarT 2,4,6,8 and 10 lm fo standard noitulos
A = mass ni pg fo etirtin ( as negortin ro ot evif etarapes cirtemulov sksalf and adjust
,etirtin as dekrow tuo ) dnuof ni eht eht Hp 1.4. Add 1 lm fo cilinahplus dica
touqila fo ;elpmas and ,tnegaer etulid and xim .ylhguoroht erusaeM
B = mass ni g fo eht touqila fo eht elpmas eht ecnabrosba retfa 3 setunim and erofeb 15
.detneserper setunim at 270 mn against a tnegaer blank
using 1 mc acilis .sllec tolP noitarbilac evruc
7 vu SPECTR~PHOTOMETRY METHOD ni smret fo noitartnecnoc ni smargorcim rep
GNISU CIMAHPLUS ACID ertilillim against .ecnabrosba
7.0 General 7.4 Procedure
etirtiN yam eb denimreted up ot 52-O lm/gp refsnarT an touqila fo elpmas noitulos -noc
negortin yb eht artlu teloiv cirtemotohportceps gniniat 5 ot 50 gr negortin-etirtin otni a
dohtem fo desitozaid cilinahplus dica ( osla 50 lm cirtemulov ksalf and deecorp as ni 7.3.
dellac 4 onima enezneb cinohplus dica ) at
Hp 1.4. 7.5 Calculation
7.1 elpicnirP ,etirtiN l/gm = +--
ehT etirtin stcaer htiw cilinahplus dica ot mrof
erehw
dnuopmoc-ozaid hcihw is derusaem at 270 mn
against a tnegaer blank. A = mass ni pg fo etirtin ( as negortin ro
,etirtin as dekrow tuo ) dnuof ni eht
7.2 secnerefretnI touqila fo ,elpmas and
B = emulov ni lm fo eht touqila fo elpmas
ehT desitozaid snoitulos yebo s’reeB law morf
.detneserper
1-O to I.5 lm/gp etirtin-negortin -artnecnoc
.noit ecnabrosbA stnemerusaem era edam at OR
270 mn htiw I mc thgil path. etartiN -retni
ecneref yam eb emocrevo yb adding a nwonk ,etirtiN l/gm = k-
tnuoma fo etartin ,yas 5 gm etartin negortin
ot 50 lm fo ecnerefer .noitulos ,etamorhciD erehw
,etadbylom ,etadoirep etanagnamrep -lusoiht
A = mass ni gLt fo etirtin ( as negortin ro
,etahp ,etatsgnut ,etadanav dlog ( III ,) nori
,etirtin as dekrow tuo ) dnuof ni eht
( 1tI ,) ,etanitalporolhc etarolhc and etahplus
touqila fo ;elpmas and
dluohs eb .tnesba
B = mass ni g fo eht touqila fo eht elpmas
ehT elpmas dluohs eb eerf morf cinagro rettam .detneserper
hcihw yam brosba ni eht artlu teloiv .noiger
,enidoI reppoc ( II ,) ,lynaru edinayc and nori 8 U V LAITNEREFFID -OTOHPORTCEPS
( II ) nac eb yllaudividni detarelot at -tnecnoc CIRTEM DOHTEM IJSING CILINAHPLUS
noitar up ot 20 .l/gm ehT mumixam -tnecnoc ACID
noitar fo yrucrem ( II ) is 50 l/gm saerehw
8.1 General
that fo etartin and etalaxo is 60 .l/gm ehT
mumixam noitartnecnoc rof etadoi and -orhc etirtiN yam eb denimreted yllacificeps yb
muim ( III ) snoi is 100 .l/gm etaneleS up ot laitnereffid artlu teloiv yrtemotohporteps at
200 l/gm and ,etanobrac ,ediroulf etahplusrep 355 ,mn using cimahplus-etylana dica blank,
and etahpsohporyp up ot 300 l/gm nac eb ni hcihw etirtin is ylevitatitnauq deyortsed yb
.detarelot setatipicerP demrof htiw yrucrem cimahplus .dica yassA yam eb denimreted ot
( II ,,) bismuth ( III ) and revlis .snoi a muminim level fo 40 lm/gp negortin-etirtin
.noitartnecnoc
,etatecA ,etanesra ,edimorb ,edirolhc ,etartic
,etamrof ,etahpsohp ,etacilis ,etahplus etartrat
8.2 elpicnirP
,etarobartet ,etanaycoiht ,muinimula -omma
,muin ,muirab ,muimdac ,muiclac tlaboc ( II ,) etirtiN yb flesti has citsiretcarahc U V -prosba
,muihtil ,muisengam esenagnam ( II ,) lekcin noit at 355 ,mn hcihw yassa is denimreted
4
.r
IS 13565: 1992
yllacificeps yb its evitatitnauq noitcurtsed htiw noitarbilac ,evruc noitartnecnoc susrev eht
cimahplus dica at moor erutarepmet rof 20 .ecnabrosba
,setunim nehw eht noitprosba is derusaem
against eht ( cimahplus-etylana dica ) blank. 8.4 Procedure
sihT yassa is, ,revewoh dednemmocer ni -italer
ylev rehgih noitartnecnoc egnar ( 40 ot 500 /gp refsnarT an touqila fo elpmas gniniatnoc 2 ot
,lm negortrn-etirtin noitartnecnoc .) 25 gm fo negortin-etirtin otni owt lm-05
cirtemulov .sksalf oT eno fo eseht add 10 ml
fo cimahplus dica .tnegaer deecorP as ni 8.3.
oN ecnerefretni morf snoitac ro snoina -moc
elbitap htiw ;etirtin cimahplus dica noitcurtsed
fo etirtin sdnel .yticificeps etirtiN yassa yb 8.5 Calculation
laitnereffid yrtemotohportceps at 355 mn syebo
s’reeB law ni eht egnar fo 30 ot 500 lm/gp ,etirtiN l/gm = .-$-
negortin-etirtin .noitartnecnoc
erehw
8.3 Calibration A = mass ni pg fo etirtin ( as negortin ro
,etirtin as dekrow tuo ) dnuof ni eht
eraperP kcots noitulos fo 1 000 lnr,/gp -etirtin touqila fo ,elpmas and
negortin noitartnecnoc yb gniwollof 5.7 tpecxe B = emulov ni lm fo eht touqila fo elpmas
that eht emulov eb edam up ot 250 .lm -snarT .detneserper
ref 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 25 lm fo standard etirtin
ot owt sets fo evif etarapes 50 lm cirtemulov ,etirtiN .~ l/gm = $-.
.sksalf nI eno tes add 10 lm cimahplus dica
ot hcae fo eht evif cirtemulov .sksalf ekaM erehw
up eht semulov ni htob sets ot 50 lm htiw
etirtin eerf .retaw peeK edisa rof 20 .setunim A= mass ni pg fo etirtin ( as negortin ro
erusaeM hcae fo eht evif etirtin noitartnecnoc ,etirtin as dekrow tuo ) dnuof ni eht
( tes tuohtiw noitidda fo cimahplus dica ) touqila fo ;elpmas and
against etairporppa blank ( morf eht tes ni B= mass ni g fo eht touqila fo eht elpmas
hcihw cimahplus dica was dedda .) tolP .detneserper